In the current circumstances in which the world is developing, the preservation of cultural identity is a necessity of the first order for underdeveloped peoples. Latin Americans do not escape from this. That is why "The history of America [...] must be taught to the letter, even if the history of the rulers of Greece is not taught. Our Greece is preferable to the Greece that is not ours. It is more necessary for us" (Martí, 1975).The present book makes a study of the American cultures from a conception of Toral History with an approach from the south.The book demonstrates the unequal development of the American aboriginal communities, it deals with the characteristics of the Mayan, Aztec and Inca cultures, the scientific-artistic development, distinctive features and the validity of the legacy of the aboriginal cultures to contemporary Latin American societies.