In the 21st century infectious diseases and cancer are dominant public health problems. With the rapid emergence of drug resistant microorganisms and dreadful diseases like cancer, there is an ever increasing demand to explore new biologically active metabolites. Actinomycetes are best recognized as the major source of antibiotics as well as potential antitumor compounds. However, after several decades of extensive screening it has become difficult to simultaneously find novel compounds and novel microorganisms. Despite of this fact, there are some unique ecological niches in the world which are unexplored and could be a source of novel microbes producing bioactive metabolites with unique pharmacophores. In this regard the high altitude areas of Kashmir region of India, particularly Northwestern Himalayas are of significant interest because of the rich and unique biodiversity and extreme climatic fluctuations.
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