The 1960 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee is pleased to present the papers of the 1960 Cryogenic Engineering Conference. Discussion of the papers, wherever available, has also been included to make the papers more valuable and interesting to the reader. This annual meeting once again has been held in Boulder, Colorado. Many delegates will recall that similar meetings were held in Boulder in 1954, 1956 and 1957. However, this year, because of the continued growth of this conference, the National Bureau of Standards Boulder Laboratories was joined by the College of Engineering of the…mehr
The 1960 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee is pleased to present the papers of the 1960 Cryogenic Engineering Conference. Discussion of the papers, wherever available, has also been included to make the papers more valuable and interesting to the reader. This annual meeting once again has been held in Boulder, Colorado. Many delegates will recall that similar meetings were held in Boulder in 1954, 1956 and 1957. However, this year, because of the continued growth of this conference, the National Bureau of Standards Boulder Laboratories was joined by the College of Engineering of the University of Colorado in hosting this sixth national con ference. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee is happy to acknowledge the help of an Editorial Committee which contributed valuable assistance in the difficult and thankless task of screening the preliminary papers and also re viewing the final drafts. This committee headedby R. B. jacobs, who also served as chairman for the Conference Committee, consisted of R. W. Arnett, D. B. Chelton, R. J. Corruccini, T. M. Flynn, R. H. Kropschot, R. M. McClintock, A. F. Schmidt, L. E. Scott and W. A. Wilson.
Space Technology.- A-1 Status of Electric Propulsion Systems for Space Missions.- A-2 Experimental Performance and Selection of Cryogenic Rocket Insulation Systems.- A-3 Progress Report on Development of High-Efficiency Insulation.- A-4 Improvement of Evacuated Aerogel Powder Insulation.- A-5 Back-Diffusion into Stored Cryogenic Liquids Venting to the Atmosphere.- Applications.- B-1 Superconducting Cryogenic Motors.- B-2 Compact Joule-Thomson Refrigeration Systems 15 to 60°K.- B-3 A New Refrigeration System for 4.2°K.- B-4 The Cryogenic Gyro.- B-5 Spaceborne Cryostats for Continuous Operation.- B-6 Selection of Lubricants and Thread Compounds for Oxygen Missile Systems.- B-7 Principle of a Liquid Nitrogen Irradiation Device and its Realization for Use in a Swimming-Pool Type Reactor.- B-8 The Direct Current Transformers.- Superconductivity.- C-1 Superconductivity.- C-2 Superconducting Rectifiers.- C-3 Superconducting Resonant Cavities.- C-4 Superconducting Magnets.- Processes.- D-1 Liquid Hydrogen from Refinery Waste Gases.- D-2 Explosion Hazards of Liquid Hydrogen.- D-3 Vacuum Pumping with Cryogenic Fluids.- D-4 Comparison of Liquid Pumping and Gas Compression in Gas-Producing Oxygen Plants.- D-5 Wear and Friction of Impregnated Carbon Seal Materials in Liquid Nitrogen and Hydrogen.- D-6 Elastomers for Static Seals at Cryogenic Temperatures.- D-7 Bearing Lubrication at Low Temperatures.- D-8 Studies of the Low-Temperature Distillation of Hydrogen Isotopes.- D-9 Evaluation of Ball Bearing Separator Materials Operating Submerged in Liquid Nitrogen.- Transfer Phenomena.- E-1 An Analytical Method for Estimating Gas Requirements in the Pressurization and Transfer of Cryogenic Fluids.- E-2 Pressure Phenomena during Transfer of Saturated Cryogenic Fluids.- E-3 PressurizedTransfer of Cryogenic Fluids from Tanks in Liquid-Nitrogen Baths.- E-4 Design of Piping for Cryogenic Fluids.- E-5 Calculations Relating to the Pressure Change in a Vented Tank Being Filled with Liquid Oxygen.- E-6 Dynamic Response of Fluid and Wall Temperatures during Pressurized Discharge of a Liquid from a Container.- E-7 Pressurized Cool-Down of a Cryogenic Liquid Transfer System Containing Vertical Sections.- E-8 The Design and Testing of a 6000 GPM Liquid Oxygen Pump Transfer System.- Equipment.- F-1 A Helium3 Refrigerator.- F-2 Design Considerations for Cryogenic Liquid Refill Systems for Cooling Infrared Detection Cells.- F-3 Infrared Detector Refrigerators.- F-4 Tensile Cryostat for the Temperature Range 4° to 300°K.- F-5 Design and Operation of a High-Accuracy Calibration Stand for Cryogenic Flowmeters.- F-6 A Durable and Reliable Test Stand System for High-Accuracy Temperature Measurements in the Cryogenic Ranges of Liquid Hydrogen and Liquid Oxygen.- F-7 A Simple Transfer Tube for Liquid Helium.- F-8 A Method and Apparatus for Concentrating Trace Impurities in Analyzing Grade-A Helium.- F-9 A New Method for Detection of Liquid Level of Cryogenic Fluids.- Physical Equilibria and Related Properties.- G-1 A Comparison of Methods of Predicting Equilibrium Gas Phase Compositions in Pressurized Binary Systems Containing an Essentially Pure Condensed Phase.- G-2 Application of the Corresponding States Principle to Mixtures of Low Molecular Weight Gases at Low Temperatures and Elevated Pressures.- G-3 Phase Equilibrium of the Nitrogen-Hydrogen System in the Critical Region of Hydrogen.- G-4 Approximate Wide-Range Equation of State for Hydrogen.- G-5 The Adsorption of Methane on Silica Gel at Low Temperatures.- G-6 Phase Equilibria in the CO2-Methane Systems.- G-7A Preliminary Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Neon.- Heat Transfer and Thermometry.- H-1 The Non-Adiabatic Flow of an Evaporating Cryogenic Fluid through a Horizontal Tube.- H-2 A Study of Heat and Mass Transfer to Uninsulated Liquid Oxygen Containers.- H-3 Single-Tube Heat Transfer Tests with Liquid Hydrogen.- H-4 Experimental Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Film Boiling Liquid Hydrogen Flowing through a Heated Tube.- H-5 Some Aspects of the Design and Operation of Low Temperature Regenerators.- H-6 Low-Temperature Thermocouple Thermometry.- H-7 Reproducibilities of Carbon and Germanium Thermometers at 4.2°K.- H-8 Floating Polystyrene Beads as Insulation for Cryogenic Fluids.- H-9 Conversion Correction for Evaluating Net Heat Flux into a Liquid Hydrogen Container.- Mechanical Properties.- J-1 Mechanical Properties of Four Austenitic Stainless Steels at Temperatures between 300° and 20°K.- J-2 Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steel and Titanium.- J-3 Gamma to Alpha Transformation in Austenitic Stainless Steel under Stress (single and repeated) down to 20°K.- J-4 The Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloy 5083-H113 Plate and Butt Weldments at 75° and -300°F.- J-5 Properties of 7000 Series Aluminum Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures.- J-8 Low-Temperature Research on Transuranic Metals.- J-7 A Simplified Determination of Crystallinity of Fluoroplastics and the Prediction of Their Behavior at Cryogenic Temperatures.- J-8 New Data on Aluminum Alloys for Cryogenic Applications.- Indexes.- Author Index.- Cumulative Subject Index for Volumes 1 to 5.
Space Technology.- A-1 Status of Electric Propulsion Systems for Space Missions.- A-2 Experimental Performance and Selection of Cryogenic Rocket Insulation Systems.- A-3 Progress Report on Development of High-Efficiency Insulation.- A-4 Improvement of Evacuated Aerogel Powder Insulation.- A-5 Back-Diffusion into Stored Cryogenic Liquids Venting to the Atmosphere.- Applications.- B-1 Superconducting Cryogenic Motors.- B-2 Compact Joule-Thomson Refrigeration Systems 15 to 60°K.- B-3 A New Refrigeration System for 4.2°K.- B-4 The Cryogenic Gyro.- B-5 Spaceborne Cryostats for Continuous Operation.- B-6 Selection of Lubricants and Thread Compounds for Oxygen Missile Systems.- B-7 Principle of a Liquid Nitrogen Irradiation Device and its Realization for Use in a Swimming-Pool Type Reactor.- B-8 The Direct Current Transformers.- Superconductivity.- C-1 Superconductivity.- C-2 Superconducting Rectifiers.- C-3 Superconducting Resonant Cavities.- C-4 Superconducting Magnets.- Processes.- D-1 Liquid Hydrogen from Refinery Waste Gases.- D-2 Explosion Hazards of Liquid Hydrogen.- D-3 Vacuum Pumping with Cryogenic Fluids.- D-4 Comparison of Liquid Pumping and Gas Compression in Gas-Producing Oxygen Plants.- D-5 Wear and Friction of Impregnated Carbon Seal Materials in Liquid Nitrogen and Hydrogen.- D-6 Elastomers for Static Seals at Cryogenic Temperatures.- D-7 Bearing Lubrication at Low Temperatures.- D-8 Studies of the Low-Temperature Distillation of Hydrogen Isotopes.- D-9 Evaluation of Ball Bearing Separator Materials Operating Submerged in Liquid Nitrogen.- Transfer Phenomena.- E-1 An Analytical Method for Estimating Gas Requirements in the Pressurization and Transfer of Cryogenic Fluids.- E-2 Pressure Phenomena during Transfer of Saturated Cryogenic Fluids.- E-3 PressurizedTransfer of Cryogenic Fluids from Tanks in Liquid-Nitrogen Baths.- E-4 Design of Piping for Cryogenic Fluids.- E-5 Calculations Relating to the Pressure Change in a Vented Tank Being Filled with Liquid Oxygen.- E-6 Dynamic Response of Fluid and Wall Temperatures during Pressurized Discharge of a Liquid from a Container.- E-7 Pressurized Cool-Down of a Cryogenic Liquid Transfer System Containing Vertical Sections.- E-8 The Design and Testing of a 6000 GPM Liquid Oxygen Pump Transfer System.- Equipment.- F-1 A Helium3 Refrigerator.- F-2 Design Considerations for Cryogenic Liquid Refill Systems for Cooling Infrared Detection Cells.- F-3 Infrared Detector Refrigerators.- F-4 Tensile Cryostat for the Temperature Range 4° to 300°K.- F-5 Design and Operation of a High-Accuracy Calibration Stand for Cryogenic Flowmeters.- F-6 A Durable and Reliable Test Stand System for High-Accuracy Temperature Measurements in the Cryogenic Ranges of Liquid Hydrogen and Liquid Oxygen.- F-7 A Simple Transfer Tube for Liquid Helium.- F-8 A Method and Apparatus for Concentrating Trace Impurities in Analyzing Grade-A Helium.- F-9 A New Method for Detection of Liquid Level of Cryogenic Fluids.- Physical Equilibria and Related Properties.- G-1 A Comparison of Methods of Predicting Equilibrium Gas Phase Compositions in Pressurized Binary Systems Containing an Essentially Pure Condensed Phase.- G-2 Application of the Corresponding States Principle to Mixtures of Low Molecular Weight Gases at Low Temperatures and Elevated Pressures.- G-3 Phase Equilibrium of the Nitrogen-Hydrogen System in the Critical Region of Hydrogen.- G-4 Approximate Wide-Range Equation of State for Hydrogen.- G-5 The Adsorption of Methane on Silica Gel at Low Temperatures.- G-6 Phase Equilibria in the CO2-Methane Systems.- G-7A Preliminary Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Neon.- Heat Transfer and Thermometry.- H-1 The Non-Adiabatic Flow of an Evaporating Cryogenic Fluid through a Horizontal Tube.- H-2 A Study of Heat and Mass Transfer to Uninsulated Liquid Oxygen Containers.- H-3 Single-Tube Heat Transfer Tests with Liquid Hydrogen.- H-4 Experimental Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Film Boiling Liquid Hydrogen Flowing through a Heated Tube.- H-5 Some Aspects of the Design and Operation of Low Temperature Regenerators.- H-6 Low-Temperature Thermocouple Thermometry.- H-7 Reproducibilities of Carbon and Germanium Thermometers at 4.2°K.- H-8 Floating Polystyrene Beads as Insulation for Cryogenic Fluids.- H-9 Conversion Correction for Evaluating Net Heat Flux into a Liquid Hydrogen Container.- Mechanical Properties.- J-1 Mechanical Properties of Four Austenitic Stainless Steels at Temperatures between 300° and 20°K.- J-2 Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steel and Titanium.- J-3 Gamma to Alpha Transformation in Austenitic Stainless Steel under Stress (single and repeated) down to 20°K.- J-4 The Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloy 5083-H113 Plate and Butt Weldments at 75° and -300°F.- J-5 Properties of 7000 Series Aluminum Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures.- J-8 Low-Temperature Research on Transuranic Metals.- J-7 A Simplified Determination of Crystallinity of Fluoroplastics and the Prediction of Their Behavior at Cryogenic Temperatures.- J-8 New Data on Aluminum Alloys for Cryogenic Applications.- Indexes.- Author Index.- Cumulative Subject Index for Volumes 1 to 5.
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