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The outline of Islamic history presents a brief account of the lifetime of Muhammad and demonstrates the challenges he faced as well as how he overcomes them. It treated the institution of caliphate up to the time of Ali, and the progress recorded through the caliphate and submits that Islam has been faced with enormous challenges from the onset to the end of the rightly guided caliphate and holds that the Muslim leader after Ali though they were called caliphs, but in actual fact they were not, in the real sense they were mere temporal Muslim leaders not caliphs.