This book attempts a comprehensive account of the old Vedic society with particular focus on the physical conditions of life during the Bronze Age in north western South Asia. With territorial kingdoms, specialized production of craft goods, large scale trade by land and sea and a high end surplus producing peasant economy, situates the Aryan di
This book attempts a comprehensive account of the old Vedic society with particular focus on the physical conditions of life during the Bronze Age in north western South Asia. With territorial kingdoms, specialized production of craft goods, large scale trade by land and sea and a high end surplus producing peasant economy, situates the Aryan di
R.N. Nandi is a former Professor of History at Patna University. His publications include State Formation, Agrarian Growth and Social Change in Feudal South India, ad 600-1200 (2000); Aryans Revisited (2001); Ideology and Environment: Situating the Origin of Vedic Culture (2009).
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Preface Introduction 1. The Nature of the State The Political Spectrum Political Terminology The King and his Palace The King and his Territory Horses, Chariots and Territorial Conquests The King and the People 2. The Form of Government Role of Corporate Bodies: Vidatha, Sabh , Samiti The Rituals of Empowerment The A vamedha Sacrifice The Incipient R jas ya 3. The City and the Citadel Vedic Gods and Walled Settlements Harappan Citadels and the `Rgveda Defensive Architecture Construction Material Grid Plan Multi-pillared Numerous Gateways Fort as a Resource Centre 4. Merchants and Moneylenders Routes and Merchandise of the Bronze Age Commodity Exchange of the Middle Bronze Age Business Terminology Professional Traders: Va`nik and Pa`ni Private Bankers 5. Cruising the Blue Water Rivers and the Sea Cloud Formation and the Water Cycle Vedic Gods and the High Seas Tidal Waves, Monsoon Winds and Gulfs Marine Fires Resources of the Deep Sea Seafaring Crafts Shipwreck and Rescue Operations Pirates and Loss of Direction Merchants, Crew Members and Escorts Nature of the Cargo River-borne Sea Trade Sea-borne Wealth and Fame 6. Caravans on Dusty Tracks Hazards of the Land Route Trade in Gem Stones Trade in Livestock Donkeys and Camels Trade in Textiles Gold, Gold-like Objects and Other Merchandise From Priest to King 7. Crafts and Craft-working Metals and Metal-working Functional Objects Ayas-Copper or Just Metal? The Smelter (Dhm t ) and the Smith (K rm r, Karm r) Wood-working and Carpenters (Tak_s ) Functional Objects: Pots, Shafts, Carts, Boats Agricultural Tools Weavers (V sov ya, Vayanti) and Weaving Leather Workers (Carmamn ) and Leather Working 8. The Story of the Cow-tale The Chorus of Nomadism Meaning of Go Buffalo or Mahi a Permanent Dwellings 9. Peasants and Plough Lands Gods and Peasant Activities Some Crucial Expressions K_setrapati: The God of Plough Lands Terms for Plough Lands The Acquisition of Plough Lands Fights for Acquisition Resource Crunch, Famines and Starvation Deaths Irrigation: Need of the Hour Peasants at Work Importance of Food Crops Private Farms and Social Differentiation 10. Crops and Consumption Cereal Dishes: Meals and Oblations Puro_l a, Dh n , Ap pa, Saktu Non-cereal Food Summer and Winter Crops Plough Lands: K_setra and Urvar 11. Drainage and Discord Rains and Irrigation River Action: Drainage and Soil Fertility Overground and Underground Drainage Lift Irrigation: Pulley and Suction Drought and Discord 12. Language and Ethnicity The Harappan Sign System Variant Physical Types The Linguistic Scenario Primary Pr k ts, Vernacular Vedic and the Mantra Dialect Dravidian and Indo- ryan Elamite, Vedic and Old Persian 13. Ethnicity and Afterlife Funerary Behaviour in the `Rgveda Shifting Cremation Sites Post-exposure Disposals Full-burials Grave Goods South as the Domain of Death The Archaeological Record Kalibangan Harappa Cemetery H Surkotada Birds and Animals in the Afterlife Bibliography Index
Preface Introduction 1. The Nature of the State The Political Spectrum Political Terminology The King and his Palace The King and his Territory Horses, Chariots and Territorial Conquests The King and the People 2. The Form of Government Role of Corporate Bodies: Vidatha, Sabh , Samiti The Rituals of Empowerment The A vamedha Sacrifice The Incipient R jas ya 3. The City and the Citadel Vedic Gods and Walled Settlements Harappan Citadels and the `Rgveda Defensive Architecture Construction Material Grid Plan Multi-pillared Numerous Gateways Fort as a Resource Centre 4. Merchants and Moneylenders Routes and Merchandise of the Bronze Age Commodity Exchange of the Middle Bronze Age Business Terminology Professional Traders: Va`nik and Pa`ni Private Bankers 5. Cruising the Blue Water Rivers and the Sea Cloud Formation and the Water Cycle Vedic Gods and the High Seas Tidal Waves, Monsoon Winds and Gulfs Marine Fires Resources of the Deep Sea Seafaring Crafts Shipwreck and Rescue Operations Pirates and Loss of Direction Merchants, Crew Members and Escorts Nature of the Cargo River-borne Sea Trade Sea-borne Wealth and Fame 6. Caravans on Dusty Tracks Hazards of the Land Route Trade in Gem Stones Trade in Livestock Donkeys and Camels Trade in Textiles Gold, Gold-like Objects and Other Merchandise From Priest to King 7. Crafts and Craft-working Metals and Metal-working Functional Objects Ayas-Copper or Just Metal? The Smelter (Dhm t ) and the Smith (K rm r, Karm r) Wood-working and Carpenters (Tak_s ) Functional Objects: Pots, Shafts, Carts, Boats Agricultural Tools Weavers (V sov ya, Vayanti) and Weaving Leather Workers (Carmamn ) and Leather Working 8. The Story of the Cow-tale The Chorus of Nomadism Meaning of Go Buffalo or Mahi a Permanent Dwellings 9. Peasants and Plough Lands Gods and Peasant Activities Some Crucial Expressions K_setrapati: The God of Plough Lands Terms for Plough Lands The Acquisition of Plough Lands Fights for Acquisition Resource Crunch, Famines and Starvation Deaths Irrigation: Need of the Hour Peasants at Work Importance of Food Crops Private Farms and Social Differentiation 10. Crops and Consumption Cereal Dishes: Meals and Oblations Puro_l a, Dh n , Ap pa, Saktu Non-cereal Food Summer and Winter Crops Plough Lands: K_setra and Urvar 11. Drainage and Discord Rains and Irrigation River Action: Drainage and Soil Fertility Overground and Underground Drainage Lift Irrigation: Pulley and Suction Drought and Discord 12. Language and Ethnicity The Harappan Sign System Variant Physical Types The Linguistic Scenario Primary Pr k ts, Vernacular Vedic and the Mantra Dialect Dravidian and Indo- ryan Elamite, Vedic and Old Persian 13. Ethnicity and Afterlife Funerary Behaviour in the `Rgveda Shifting Cremation Sites Post-exposure Disposals Full-burials Grave Goods South as the Domain of Death The Archaeological Record Kalibangan Harappa Cemetery H Surkotada Birds and Animals in the Afterlife Bibliography Index
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