The biotechnological advances of recent years have put us on the brink of unprecedented gains in animal productivity. Manipulation of animal growth rate and composition of gain is now possible by a variety of techniques. Ex amples include ingestion of beta-adrenergic agonists, injection of somatotropin, castration, immunization, and gene insertion. Animal Growth Regulation ad dresses modem concepts of growth regulation with an emphasis on agricul turally important animals. This emphasis is not exclusive, as many situations exist in which the only information available was generated in other…mehr
The biotechnological advances of recent years have put us on the brink of unprecedented gains in animal productivity. Manipulation of animal growth rate and composition of gain is now possible by a variety of techniques. Ex amples include ingestion of beta-adrenergic agonists, injection of somatotropin, castration, immunization, and gene insertion. Animal Growth Regulation ad dresses modem concepts of growth regulation with an emphasis on agricul turally important animals. This emphasis is not exclusive, as many situations exist in which the only information available was generated in other species, and this information has been included for the sake of clarity and completeness. However, because of the overall orientation of this volume, particular attention has been given to the regulation of skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and bone growth. Certain hormones and growth factors have a profound influence on growth regulation and this basic physiological knowledge is being harnessed to maniplilate growth. Thus, considerable emphasis has been given to growth hor mone-somatomedinlinsulinlike growth factor regulation of cell and tissue growth. The involvement of peptides coded by protooncogenes and of negative growth regulators, such as transforming growth factor-l3, represents an emerging area of molecular biology wherein basic knowledge offers potential exploitation for growth manipulation. Opportunities also exist for regulation of protein turn over, especially from the standpoint of protein degradation. Therefore, a place was reserved for these topics in order to provide relevant basic knowledge.
1 Placental Regulation of Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Placental Anatomy and Pattern of Blood Flow.- 3. Placental Growth.- 4. Growth of Uteroplacental Blood Flow.- 5. Regulation of Blood Flow.- 6. Placental Transport.- 7. Hormone Secretion.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Endocrinology of Bone Formation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hormones.- 3. Local Regulators of Bone Formation.- References.- 3 Endocrine Regulation of Adipogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Insulin.- 3. Growth Hormone.- 4. Insulinlike Growth Factors.- 5. Glucocorticoids.- 6. Indomethacin, Prostaglandins, and AMP.- 7. Thyroid Hormones.- 8. Cachectin.- 9. Autocrine Control.- 10. Perspectives on Integrated Endocrine Control.- References.- 4 Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Regulation of Myogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Muscle Structure.- 3. Myogenesis.- 4. Factors Affecting Myogenesis.- 5. Summary.- References.- 5 The Expression of Protooncogenes in Skeletal Muscle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Categories of Oncogenes.- 3. Oncogene Expression in Skeletal Muscle.- References.- 6 Regulation of Myofibrillar Protein Gene Expression.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multigene Families.- 3. Major Myofibrillar Proteins of the Sarcomere.- 4. Isolation and Characterization of MHC Sequences.- 5. Effects of Various Stimuli on MHC Gene Expression.- 6. Alternative Splicing and MHC Gene Structure.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Regulation of Growth by Negative Growth Regulators.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transforming Growth Factor-?.- 3. Platelet-Derived Inhibitors.- 4. Interferons.- 5. Liver-Derived Inhibitors.- 6. Mammary-Derived Inhibitor.- 7. Glycopeptide Inhibitors.- 8. Density-Dependent Inhibitors.- 9. Summary.- References.- 8 Skeletal Muscle Proteases and Protein Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features of Intracellular Protein Degradation.- 3. Intracellular Degradation of Muscle Proteins.- 4. Neutral and Alkaline Proteolytic Activities.- 5. Protease Inhibitors.- 6. Summary.- References.- 9 Regulation of Protein Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors That Affect Tissue Growth and Protein Turnover.- 3. Factors That Control Protein Turnover.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 10 Energy Balance Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Energy Balance Regulation in Farm Animals.- 3. Mechanisms of Energy Balance Regulation.- 4. CNS Control of Food Intake.- 5. CNS Control of Peripheral Metabolism.- 6. Theories of Signals Regulating Food Intake.- 7. Role of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides.- 8. Summary.- References.- 11 Central Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Patterns of GH Secretion.- 3. Hypothalamic Peptides Involved in GH Regulation.- 4. Hypothalamic Regions Involved in GH Regulation.- 5. Interaction of Somatostatin and GRF in Episodic GH Secretion.- 6. Neuropharmacological Regulation of GH Secretion.- 7. Gonadal Steroid Modulation of GH Secretion.- 8. Feedback Regulation of GH Secretion.- References.- 12 Mechanisms of Action for Somatotropin in Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Nature of Somatotropin.- 3. Biological Response to Somatotropin.- 4. Mechanisms of Action.- 5. Summary and Perspectives.- References.- 13 Regulation of Somatomedin Production, Release, and Mechanism of Action.- 1. Origin of the Somatomedin Hypothesis.- 2. Methods of Analyses.- 3. Gene Expression and the Insulin Peptide Family.- 4. Site of Synthesis.- 5. Somatomedin Research in Domestic Animals.- References.- 14 Sexual Differentiation and the Growth Process.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Rats.- 3. Cattle and Sheep.- 4. Swine.- 5. Chickens.- 6. Sexual Differences in Growth-Related Endocrine Processes.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Potential Mechanisms for Repartitioning of Growth by ß-Adrenergic Agonists.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biology of Adrenergic Hormones and Neurotransmitters.- 3. Administration of ß-Adrenergic Agonists to Animals.- References.- 16 Gene Transfer for Enhanced Growth of Livestock.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Genes for Transfer.- 3. Methods of Producing Transgenic Animals.- 4. Production of Transkaryotic Animals.- 5. Transfer of Growth-Related Genes into Livestock.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 17 Status of Current Strategies for Growth Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Steroid Hormone and Xenobiotic Regulation of Animal Growth.- 3. Manipulation of Animal Growth with Exogenous Somatotropin.- 4. Use of Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GRF) to Alter Animal Growth.- 5. Use of ?-Adrenergic Agonists to Manipulate Animal Growth.- 6. Use of Immunization to Manipulate Animal Growth.- 7. Summary and Perspectives.- References.
1 Placental Regulation of Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Placental Anatomy and Pattern of Blood Flow.- 3. Placental Growth.- 4. Growth of Uteroplacental Blood Flow.- 5. Regulation of Blood Flow.- 6. Placental Transport.- 7. Hormone Secretion.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Endocrinology of Bone Formation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hormones.- 3. Local Regulators of Bone Formation.- References.- 3 Endocrine Regulation of Adipogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Insulin.- 3. Growth Hormone.- 4. Insulinlike Growth Factors.- 5. Glucocorticoids.- 6. Indomethacin, Prostaglandins, and AMP.- 7. Thyroid Hormones.- 8. Cachectin.- 9. Autocrine Control.- 10. Perspectives on Integrated Endocrine Control.- References.- 4 Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Regulation of Myogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Muscle Structure.- 3. Myogenesis.- 4. Factors Affecting Myogenesis.- 5. Summary.- References.- 5 The Expression of Protooncogenes in Skeletal Muscle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Categories of Oncogenes.- 3. Oncogene Expression in Skeletal Muscle.- References.- 6 Regulation of Myofibrillar Protein Gene Expression.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multigene Families.- 3. Major Myofibrillar Proteins of the Sarcomere.- 4. Isolation and Characterization of MHC Sequences.- 5. Effects of Various Stimuli on MHC Gene Expression.- 6. Alternative Splicing and MHC Gene Structure.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Regulation of Growth by Negative Growth Regulators.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transforming Growth Factor-?.- 3. Platelet-Derived Inhibitors.- 4. Interferons.- 5. Liver-Derived Inhibitors.- 6. Mammary-Derived Inhibitor.- 7. Glycopeptide Inhibitors.- 8. Density-Dependent Inhibitors.- 9. Summary.- References.- 8 Skeletal Muscle Proteases and Protein Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features of Intracellular Protein Degradation.- 3. Intracellular Degradation of Muscle Proteins.- 4. Neutral and Alkaline Proteolytic Activities.- 5. Protease Inhibitors.- 6. Summary.- References.- 9 Regulation of Protein Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors That Affect Tissue Growth and Protein Turnover.- 3. Factors That Control Protein Turnover.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 10 Energy Balance Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Energy Balance Regulation in Farm Animals.- 3. Mechanisms of Energy Balance Regulation.- 4. CNS Control of Food Intake.- 5. CNS Control of Peripheral Metabolism.- 6. Theories of Signals Regulating Food Intake.- 7. Role of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides.- 8. Summary.- References.- 11 Central Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Patterns of GH Secretion.- 3. Hypothalamic Peptides Involved in GH Regulation.- 4. Hypothalamic Regions Involved in GH Regulation.- 5. Interaction of Somatostatin and GRF in Episodic GH Secretion.- 6. Neuropharmacological Regulation of GH Secretion.- 7. Gonadal Steroid Modulation of GH Secretion.- 8. Feedback Regulation of GH Secretion.- References.- 12 Mechanisms of Action for Somatotropin in Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Nature of Somatotropin.- 3. Biological Response to Somatotropin.- 4. Mechanisms of Action.- 5. Summary and Perspectives.- References.- 13 Regulation of Somatomedin Production, Release, and Mechanism of Action.- 1. Origin of the Somatomedin Hypothesis.- 2. Methods of Analyses.- 3. Gene Expression and the Insulin Peptide Family.- 4. Site of Synthesis.- 5. Somatomedin Research in Domestic Animals.- References.- 14 Sexual Differentiation and the Growth Process.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Rats.- 3. Cattle and Sheep.- 4. Swine.- 5. Chickens.- 6. Sexual Differences in Growth-Related Endocrine Processes.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Potential Mechanisms for Repartitioning of Growth by ß-Adrenergic Agonists.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biology of Adrenergic Hormones and Neurotransmitters.- 3. Administration of ß-Adrenergic Agonists to Animals.- References.- 16 Gene Transfer for Enhanced Growth of Livestock.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Genes for Transfer.- 3. Methods of Producing Transgenic Animals.- 4. Production of Transkaryotic Animals.- 5. Transfer of Growth-Related Genes into Livestock.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 17 Status of Current Strategies for Growth Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Steroid Hormone and Xenobiotic Regulation of Animal Growth.- 3. Manipulation of Animal Growth with Exogenous Somatotropin.- 4. Use of Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GRF) to Alter Animal Growth.- 5. Use of ?-Adrenergic Agonists to Manipulate Animal Growth.- 6. Use of Immunization to Manipulate Animal Growth.- 7. Summary and Perspectives.- References.
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