Anti-Ageing Nutrients
Evidence-Based Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases
Herausgegeben von Neves, Deliminda
Anti-Ageing Nutrients
Evidence-Based Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases
Herausgegeben von Neves, Deliminda
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Ageing is a complex, time-related biological phenomenon that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated. According to even the most pessimistic projections, average lifespan is expected to increase around the world during the next 20 years, significantly raising the number of aged individuals. But increasing life expectancy presents new problems, and industrialized countries are facing a pronounced increase in lifestyle diseases which constitute barriers to healthy ageing.
Anti-Ageing Nutrients: Evidence-based Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases is written by a…mehr
- Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods287,99 €
- Resistant Starch240,99 €
- Antioxidants and Functional Components in Aquatic Foods232,99 €
- Dietary Polyphenols268,99 €
- Phytonutrients251,99 €
- Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods244,99 €
- Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements235,99 €
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Anti-Ageing Nutrients: Evidence-based Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases is written by a multi-disciplinary group of researchers, all interested in the nutritional modulation of ageing mechanisms. Structured in three parts, Part 1 looks at the cellular modifications that underlie senescence of cells and ageing of the organisms; the effects of energy restriction on cellular and molecular mechanisms and in the whole organism; and the epigenetic modifications associated with ageing. Part 2 includes chapters which discuss the nutritional modulation of age-associated pathologies and the functional decline of organs, with a focus on those primarily affected by chronological ageing. Part 3 summarises the knowledge presented in the previous chapters and considers the best diet pattern for the aged individuals.
The book reflects the most recent advances in anti-ageing nutrition and will be a valuable resource for professionals, educators and students in the health, nutritional and food sciences.
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- Produktdetails
- Institute of Food Technologists Series
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 424
- Erscheinungstermin: 13. Juli 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 254mm x 179mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 966g
- ISBN-13: 9781118733271
- ISBN-10: 1118733274
- Artikelnr.: 41416997
- Institute of Food Technologists Series
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 424
- Erscheinungstermin: 13. Juli 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 254mm x 179mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 966g
- ISBN-13: 9781118733271
- ISBN-10: 1118733274
- Artikelnr.: 41416997
cells and organisms 1 Human ageing a biological view 3 Henrique Almeida and
Liliana Matos 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Human ageing and frailty 4 1.2.1
Mortality curves 4 1.2.2 Susceptibility to disease and mortality 5 1.2.3
Age-related and age-dependent diseases 6 1.3 Fundamental causes 7 1.4
Experimental approach to human ageing 8 1.4.1 Ageing models in dividing
cells: Replicative senescence and telomere involvement 8 1.4.2
Stress-induced premature senescence 10 1.4.3 Ageing in organs and tissues
11 1.4.4 Lipofuscin deposition following organelle dysfunction and damage
accumulation 12 1.4.5 Damage consequences: Dysfunctional organelles and
cell functional decline. Cell loss 13 1.5 Involving genes in organism
ageing and longevity 14 1.5.1 Longevous humans 14 1.5.2 Experimental
approaches 15 1.5.2.1 The insulin/IGF-1 axis 17 1.5.2.2 IGF-1 signaling
into FOXO proteins 18 1.5.2.3 Other pathways 20 1.6 Conclusions and
prospects 21 Acknowledgment 23 References 23 2 To eat or not to eat -
Anti-ageing effects of energy restriction 33 Delminda Neves Maria João
Martins Emanuel dos Passos and Inês Tomada Part 1 33 2.1 Energy restriction
as more than a weight-loss strategy 33 2.2 Restriction of energy vs
restriction of nutrients 34 2.2.1 Experimental models of energy restriction
35 2.2.2 Observational studies and the first human trial of energy
restriction: CALERIE study 40 2.3 Effects of energy restriction on
organisms 42 2.3.1 Increased longevity and health of energy-restricted
organisms 43 2.3.2 Body composition temperature and resting metabolic rate
46 2.3.3 Metabolism and insulin sensitivity 48 2.3.4 Immune system and
inflammatory modulation 49 2.3.5 Neuroendocrine axes and adipokines 50
2.3.6 Growth factors and cytoprotective effects 57 2.4 Cellular and
molecular effects of energy restriction 57 2.4.1 Modulation of gene
expression 58 2.4.2 Molecular mechanisms of sirtuins 60 2.4.2.1 Sirtuin 1
60 2.4.2.2 Sirtuin 6 63 2.4.2.3 Sirtuin 7 63 2.4.2.4 Sirtuin 3 63 2.4.2.5
Sirtuins 4 and 5 64 2.4.2.6 Sirtuin 2 64 2.4.3 AMPK 65 2.4.4 Oxidative
stress and metabolic reprogramming 65 2.4.5 Autophagy and mTOR signaling 67
2.5 Energy restriction mimetics 71 2.5.1 Sirtuin activity stimulators 72
2.5.2 Antidiabetic drugs 73 2.5.3 Rapamycine 74 2.5.4 Polyamines 74 2.5.5
Antilipolytic drugs 75 Part 2 76 2.6 Obesity and ageing 76 2.6.1 Obesity as
a premature death inducer 76 2.6.2 Adipose tissue and metabolic
dysregulation 79 2.6.2.1 Adipose tissue and disruption of endocrine
secretion of adipokines 80 2.6.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction 80 2.6.4
Endoplasmic reticulum stress 81 2.6.4.1 Endoplasmic reticulum
stress-induced unfolded protein response 82 2.6.4.2 Ageing-induced
modification in unfolded protein response 83 2.6.4.3 Obesity-induced
endoplasmic reticulum stress 85 2.6.5 Anti-obesity effects of natural
compounds extracted from plants 88 2.6.5.1 Polyphenols 88 2.6.6
Anti-obesity effects of minerals (magnesium) 96 2.7 Conclusion 98
Acknowledgment 98 References 98 3 Nutrition epigenetics and ageing 133 Jill
Ann McKay and Luisa Anne Wakeling 3.1 Introduction 133 3.2 Epigenetics 133
3.2.1 DNA methylation 134 3.2.2 Histone modifications 135 3.2.3 Noncoding
RNAs 135 3.2.4 The function of epigenetic mechanisms 136 3.3 Epigenetics
and ageing 137 3.3.1 DNA methylation profiles and ageing 137 3.3.2 Histone
modifications and ageing 137 3.3.3 MicroRNAs and ageing 138 3.4 Influence
of nutrition on epigenetic modifications 138 3.4.1 Nutritional modulation
of epigenetic enzyme activity 139 3.4.2 Influence of nutrition on substrate
availability for epigenetic modifications 141 3.4.3 Critical windows and
the developmental origins hypothesis 142 3.5 Nutrition epigenetics and
ageing 144 3.5.1 Overview 144 3.5.2 Specific dietary regimens and nutrients
that influence epigenetics and ageing 145 3.5.2.1 Dietary restriction 145
3.5.2.2 Dietary polyphenols 145 3.5.2.3 One-Carbon metabolism 146 3.6
Conclusions and future perspective 147 References 147 Part II - Nutritional
modulation of age-related organ functional decline 4 Nutritional
interventions in age-related genetic and epigenetic instability and cancer
157 Thomas Prates Ong and Ana Paula de Melo Loureiro 4.1 Cancer as an
age-associated disease 157 4.2 Genetic and epigenetic alterations as
molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis 159 4.3 Diet nutrition and
cancer 165 4.4 Targeting age-related genomic and epigenomic alterations
with nutritional interventions for cancer prevention 167 4.4.1 Folate 168
4.4.2 Energy restriction 170 4.4.3 Bioactive food components 172 4.5
Conclusions and perspectives 173 Acknowledgment 174 References 174 5
Nutraceuticals in immunosenescence 183 Thea Magrone and Emilio Jirillo 5.1
Introduction 183 5.2 The immune response in ageing 184 5.2.1 Phagocytes 184
5.2.2 Natural killer cells 184 5.2.3 T cells 185 5.2.4 B cells 185 5.3
Micronutrients that modulate immunosenescence 186 5.3.1 Zinc 186 5.3.2
Copper 187 5.3.3 Iron 188 5.3.4 Selenium 188 5.4 Probiotics and prebiotics
189 5.4.1 Probiotics 189 5.4.2 Prebiotics 190 5.5 Dietary lipids 191 5.6
Polyphenols 192 5.7 Conclusion and future directions 195 Acknowledgments
195 References 195 6 Cardiovascular ageing 203 Carmen Brás Silva and
Delminda Neves 6.1 Age-related cardiac changes 203 6.1.1 Heart changes 203
6.1.1.1 Structural changes 203 6.1.1.2 Functional changes 204 6.1.1.3
Changes in cardioprotective and repair processes 207 6.2 Age-related
vascular changes 207 6.2.1 Central arterial changes 207 6.2.1.1 Arterial
structural changes 208 6.2.2 Peripheral arterial changes 210 6.2.3 Arterial
functional changes 210 6.2.3.1 Blood pressure 210 6.3 Changes in the
interaction between heart and arterial system 211 6.4 Endothelial
dysfunction 211 6.5 Erectile dysfunction as an early signal of
cardiovascular disease 213 6.5.1 The erection mechanism 214 6.5.2
Contribution of ageing to erectile dysfunction onset 214 6.5.2.1
Age-related structural and molecular modifications of erectile tissue 215
6.6 Diet nutrition and cardiovascular ageing 218 6.6.1 Obesity energy
restriction and cardiovascular ageing 218 6.6.2 Diet patterns and
cardiovascular ageing 220 6.6.2.1 Contribution of dietary pattern to
erectile dysfunction onset 221 6.7 Nutritional intervention for
cardiovascular disease prevention or amelioration 222 6.7.1 Nutritional
pattern modulation 223 6.7.2 Intervention of specific nutrients in
cardiovascular disease protection 225 6.7.2.1 Polyphenolic compounds 225
6.7.2.2 l-Carnitine and l-arginine 227 6.7.2.3 Fatty acids 228 6.7.2.4
Vitamins 228 6.7.2.5 Minerals 230 6.7.2.6 Caffeine 230 6.8 Conclusions 230
References 231 7 Bone and muscle ageing 247 Joana Carvalho Elisa Marques
and Pedro Moreira 7.1 Introduction 247 7.1.1 Determinants of bone loss in
ageing 248 7.1.2 Regulation of muscle atrophy in ageing 249 7.2
Osteoporosis and fragility fractures in the elderly 251 7.3 Nutritional
mechanisms of age-related bone loss 252 7.4 Calcium and vitamin D and the
ageing skeleton: Efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis 254 7.5 Skeletal
muscle age-related contributory mechanisms 256 7.6 The role of nutrition in
preventing ageing skeletal muscle atrophy 259 7.6.1 Protein 259 7.6.2 PUFA
and inflammation 260 7.6.3 Anti-oxidants and oxidative stress 261 7.6.4
Vitamin D 262 7.6.5 Food and dietary patterns 262 7.7 Resistance exercise
and nutrition: effective treatment strategy to counteract age-related
muscle wasting and bone loss 263 7.7.1 Protein and resistance exercise 264
7.8 Concluding remarks 266 References 266 8 Nutrition and the ageing eye
277 Ângela Carneiro 8.1 The ageing eye 277 8.1.1 The lens 277 8.1.2 The
retina 278 8.2 Nutrients in the structure and physiology of the healthy
human eye 279 8.2.1 Vitamins 279 8.2.2 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 280
8.2.3 Zinc 280 8.3 The human eye and the oxidative stress 280 8.4 The
anti-oxidant systems in the eye 281 8.5 How can diet interfere with the
ocular anti-oxidant system? 282 8.6 Nutritional intervention in
age-associated eye diseases 283 8.6.1 Cataract 283 8.6.1.1 The blue
mountains eye study 284 8.6.1.2 The beaver dam eye study 284 8.6.1.3 The
india age-related eye disease study 284 8.6.1.4 The spanish segment of
european eye study (EUREYE) 285 8.6.1.5 The physicians' health study 285
8.6.1.6 The women's health study 285 8.6.1.7 The age-related eye disease
study (AREDS) 285 8.6.1.8 The age-related eye disease study 2 (AREDS2) 286
8.6.2 Age-related macular degeneration 286 8.6.2.1 AREDS 289 8.6.2.2 AREDS2
290 8.7 Nutrigenomics 291 8.8 Conclusions 291 References 292 9 Beauty from
the inside: Nutrition and skin ageing 299 Alessandra Marini and Jean
Krutmann 9.1 Introduction 299 9.2 Vitamins 302 9.2.1 Vitamin C (l-ascorbic
acid) 302 9.2.2 Vitamin E (tocopherol) 303 9.2.3 Vitamin B6 304 9.2.4
Carotenoids 304 9.2.5 Vitamin D 306 9.3 Polyphenols and flavonoids 306 9.4
Polyunsaturated fatty acids 308 9.5 Pre- and probiotics 308 9.6 Conclusions
310 References 310 10 Retarding brain ageing and cognitive decline 315 José
Paulo Andrade 10.1 Ageing and brain 315 10.2 From "healthy ageing" to
dementia 316 10.3 Green tea as a functional food and source of
nutraceuticals 318 10.3.1 Bioavailability of the catechins of green tea 319
10.3.2 Direct and indirect actions of catechins 320 10.3.3 Action of
catechins in brain 321 10.3.4 Catechins and neurodegenerative diseases 321
10.3.5 Other polyphenols 323 10.4 Modulatory effect of diet pattern on
age-associated cognitive decline 323 10.5 Multidomain interventions 326
10.6 Conclusions 327 Acknowledgment 327 References 327 Part III -
Evidence-based retardation of ageing 11 Science-based anti-ageing
nutritional recommendations 335 Inês Tomada and José Paulo Andrade 11.1
Introduction 335 11.2 The relevance of nutraceuticals and functional
nutrients in anti-ageing medicine 336 11.3 Nutrition from food vs from
supplements 340 11.3.1 Food enrichment and fortification 341 11.3.2
Nutritional supplements 342 11.3.2.1 Nutritional compounds as drugs
delivered via food 343 11.3.3 Pills capsules powders and syrups 351 11.3.4
Factors that affect the bioavailability of nutrients 352 11.3.4.1 Food
processing and cooking methods 353 11.3.4.2 Competitive interactions
between nutrients 355 11.3.4.3 Drug-food and drug-nutrients interactions
357 11.4 Favorable combinations of nutrients in food 360 11.5 Lifestyle
strategies for successful ageing 363 11.5.1 The mediterranean and asian
diets 368 11.5.2 The french paradox 375 Acknowledgment 378 References 378
Index 391
cells and organisms 1 Human ageing a biological view 3 Henrique Almeida and
Liliana Matos 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Human ageing and frailty 4 1.2.1
Mortality curves 4 1.2.2 Susceptibility to disease and mortality 5 1.2.3
Age-related and age-dependent diseases 6 1.3 Fundamental causes 7 1.4
Experimental approach to human ageing 8 1.4.1 Ageing models in dividing
cells: Replicative senescence and telomere involvement 8 1.4.2
Stress-induced premature senescence 10 1.4.3 Ageing in organs and tissues
11 1.4.4 Lipofuscin deposition following organelle dysfunction and damage
accumulation 12 1.4.5 Damage consequences: Dysfunctional organelles and
cell functional decline. Cell loss 13 1.5 Involving genes in organism
ageing and longevity 14 1.5.1 Longevous humans 14 1.5.2 Experimental
approaches 15 1.5.2.1 The insulin/IGF-1 axis 17 1.5.2.2 IGF-1 signaling
into FOXO proteins 18 1.5.2.3 Other pathways 20 1.6 Conclusions and
prospects 21 Acknowledgment 23 References 23 2 To eat or not to eat -
Anti-ageing effects of energy restriction 33 Delminda Neves Maria João
Martins Emanuel dos Passos and Inês Tomada Part 1 33 2.1 Energy restriction
as more than a weight-loss strategy 33 2.2 Restriction of energy vs
restriction of nutrients 34 2.2.1 Experimental models of energy restriction
35 2.2.2 Observational studies and the first human trial of energy
restriction: CALERIE study 40 2.3 Effects of energy restriction on
organisms 42 2.3.1 Increased longevity and health of energy-restricted
organisms 43 2.3.2 Body composition temperature and resting metabolic rate
46 2.3.3 Metabolism and insulin sensitivity 48 2.3.4 Immune system and
inflammatory modulation 49 2.3.5 Neuroendocrine axes and adipokines 50
2.3.6 Growth factors and cytoprotective effects 57 2.4 Cellular and
molecular effects of energy restriction 57 2.4.1 Modulation of gene
expression 58 2.4.2 Molecular mechanisms of sirtuins 60 2.4.2.1 Sirtuin 1
60 2.4.2.2 Sirtuin 6 63 2.4.2.3 Sirtuin 7 63 2.4.2.4 Sirtuin 3 63 2.4.2.5
Sirtuins 4 and 5 64 2.4.2.6 Sirtuin 2 64 2.4.3 AMPK 65 2.4.4 Oxidative
stress and metabolic reprogramming 65 2.4.5 Autophagy and mTOR signaling 67
2.5 Energy restriction mimetics 71 2.5.1 Sirtuin activity stimulators 72
2.5.2 Antidiabetic drugs 73 2.5.3 Rapamycine 74 2.5.4 Polyamines 74 2.5.5
Antilipolytic drugs 75 Part 2 76 2.6 Obesity and ageing 76 2.6.1 Obesity as
a premature death inducer 76 2.6.2 Adipose tissue and metabolic
dysregulation 79 2.6.2.1 Adipose tissue and disruption of endocrine
secretion of adipokines 80 2.6.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction 80 2.6.4
Endoplasmic reticulum stress 81 2.6.4.1 Endoplasmic reticulum
stress-induced unfolded protein response 82 2.6.4.2 Ageing-induced
modification in unfolded protein response 83 2.6.4.3 Obesity-induced
endoplasmic reticulum stress 85 2.6.5 Anti-obesity effects of natural
compounds extracted from plants 88 2.6.5.1 Polyphenols 88 2.6.6
Anti-obesity effects of minerals (magnesium) 96 2.7 Conclusion 98
Acknowledgment 98 References 98 3 Nutrition epigenetics and ageing 133 Jill
Ann McKay and Luisa Anne Wakeling 3.1 Introduction 133 3.2 Epigenetics 133
3.2.1 DNA methylation 134 3.2.2 Histone modifications 135 3.2.3 Noncoding
RNAs 135 3.2.4 The function of epigenetic mechanisms 136 3.3 Epigenetics
and ageing 137 3.3.1 DNA methylation profiles and ageing 137 3.3.2 Histone
modifications and ageing 137 3.3.3 MicroRNAs and ageing 138 3.4 Influence
of nutrition on epigenetic modifications 138 3.4.1 Nutritional modulation
of epigenetic enzyme activity 139 3.4.2 Influence of nutrition on substrate
availability for epigenetic modifications 141 3.4.3 Critical windows and
the developmental origins hypothesis 142 3.5 Nutrition epigenetics and
ageing 144 3.5.1 Overview 144 3.5.2 Specific dietary regimens and nutrients
that influence epigenetics and ageing 145 3.5.2.1 Dietary restriction 145
3.5.2.2 Dietary polyphenols 145 3.5.2.3 One-Carbon metabolism 146 3.6
Conclusions and future perspective 147 References 147 Part II - Nutritional
modulation of age-related organ functional decline 4 Nutritional
interventions in age-related genetic and epigenetic instability and cancer
157 Thomas Prates Ong and Ana Paula de Melo Loureiro 4.1 Cancer as an
age-associated disease 157 4.2 Genetic and epigenetic alterations as
molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis 159 4.3 Diet nutrition and
cancer 165 4.4 Targeting age-related genomic and epigenomic alterations
with nutritional interventions for cancer prevention 167 4.4.1 Folate 168
4.4.2 Energy restriction 170 4.4.3 Bioactive food components 172 4.5
Conclusions and perspectives 173 Acknowledgment 174 References 174 5
Nutraceuticals in immunosenescence 183 Thea Magrone and Emilio Jirillo 5.1
Introduction 183 5.2 The immune response in ageing 184 5.2.1 Phagocytes 184
5.2.2 Natural killer cells 184 5.2.3 T cells 185 5.2.4 B cells 185 5.3
Micronutrients that modulate immunosenescence 186 5.3.1 Zinc 186 5.3.2
Copper 187 5.3.3 Iron 188 5.3.4 Selenium 188 5.4 Probiotics and prebiotics
189 5.4.1 Probiotics 189 5.4.2 Prebiotics 190 5.5 Dietary lipids 191 5.6
Polyphenols 192 5.7 Conclusion and future directions 195 Acknowledgments
195 References 195 6 Cardiovascular ageing 203 Carmen Brás Silva and
Delminda Neves 6.1 Age-related cardiac changes 203 6.1.1 Heart changes 203
6.1.1.1 Structural changes 203 6.1.1.2 Functional changes 204 6.1.1.3
Changes in cardioprotective and repair processes 207 6.2 Age-related
vascular changes 207 6.2.1 Central arterial changes 207 6.2.1.1 Arterial
structural changes 208 6.2.2 Peripheral arterial changes 210 6.2.3 Arterial
functional changes 210 6.2.3.1 Blood pressure 210 6.3 Changes in the
interaction between heart and arterial system 211 6.4 Endothelial
dysfunction 211 6.5 Erectile dysfunction as an early signal of
cardiovascular disease 213 6.5.1 The erection mechanism 214 6.5.2
Contribution of ageing to erectile dysfunction onset 214 6.5.2.1
Age-related structural and molecular modifications of erectile tissue 215
6.6 Diet nutrition and cardiovascular ageing 218 6.6.1 Obesity energy
restriction and cardiovascular ageing 218 6.6.2 Diet patterns and
cardiovascular ageing 220 6.6.2.1 Contribution of dietary pattern to
erectile dysfunction onset 221 6.7 Nutritional intervention for
cardiovascular disease prevention or amelioration 222 6.7.1 Nutritional
pattern modulation 223 6.7.2 Intervention of specific nutrients in
cardiovascular disease protection 225 6.7.2.1 Polyphenolic compounds 225
6.7.2.2 l-Carnitine and l-arginine 227 6.7.2.3 Fatty acids 228 6.7.2.4
Vitamins 228 6.7.2.5 Minerals 230 6.7.2.6 Caffeine 230 6.8 Conclusions 230
References 231 7 Bone and muscle ageing 247 Joana Carvalho Elisa Marques
and Pedro Moreira 7.1 Introduction 247 7.1.1 Determinants of bone loss in
ageing 248 7.1.2 Regulation of muscle atrophy in ageing 249 7.2
Osteoporosis and fragility fractures in the elderly 251 7.3 Nutritional
mechanisms of age-related bone loss 252 7.4 Calcium and vitamin D and the
ageing skeleton: Efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis 254 7.5 Skeletal
muscle age-related contributory mechanisms 256 7.6 The role of nutrition in
preventing ageing skeletal muscle atrophy 259 7.6.1 Protein 259 7.6.2 PUFA
and inflammation 260 7.6.3 Anti-oxidants and oxidative stress 261 7.6.4
Vitamin D 262 7.6.5 Food and dietary patterns 262 7.7 Resistance exercise
and nutrition: effective treatment strategy to counteract age-related
muscle wasting and bone loss 263 7.7.1 Protein and resistance exercise 264
7.8 Concluding remarks 266 References 266 8 Nutrition and the ageing eye
277 Ângela Carneiro 8.1 The ageing eye 277 8.1.1 The lens 277 8.1.2 The
retina 278 8.2 Nutrients in the structure and physiology of the healthy
human eye 279 8.2.1 Vitamins 279 8.2.2 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 280
8.2.3 Zinc 280 8.3 The human eye and the oxidative stress 280 8.4 The
anti-oxidant systems in the eye 281 8.5 How can diet interfere with the
ocular anti-oxidant system? 282 8.6 Nutritional intervention in
age-associated eye diseases 283 8.6.1 Cataract 283 8.6.1.1 The blue
mountains eye study 284 8.6.1.2 The beaver dam eye study 284 8.6.1.3 The
india age-related eye disease study 284 8.6.1.4 The spanish segment of
european eye study (EUREYE) 285 8.6.1.5 The physicians' health study 285
8.6.1.6 The women's health study 285 8.6.1.7 The age-related eye disease
study (AREDS) 285 8.6.1.8 The age-related eye disease study 2 (AREDS2) 286
8.6.2 Age-related macular degeneration 286 8.6.2.1 AREDS 289 8.6.2.2 AREDS2
290 8.7 Nutrigenomics 291 8.8 Conclusions 291 References 292 9 Beauty from
the inside: Nutrition and skin ageing 299 Alessandra Marini and Jean
Krutmann 9.1 Introduction 299 9.2 Vitamins 302 9.2.1 Vitamin C (l-ascorbic
acid) 302 9.2.2 Vitamin E (tocopherol) 303 9.2.3 Vitamin B6 304 9.2.4
Carotenoids 304 9.2.5 Vitamin D 306 9.3 Polyphenols and flavonoids 306 9.4
Polyunsaturated fatty acids 308 9.5 Pre- and probiotics 308 9.6 Conclusions
310 References 310 10 Retarding brain ageing and cognitive decline 315 José
Paulo Andrade 10.1 Ageing and brain 315 10.2 From "healthy ageing" to
dementia 316 10.3 Green tea as a functional food and source of
nutraceuticals 318 10.3.1 Bioavailability of the catechins of green tea 319
10.3.2 Direct and indirect actions of catechins 320 10.3.3 Action of
catechins in brain 321 10.3.4 Catechins and neurodegenerative diseases 321
10.3.5 Other polyphenols 323 10.4 Modulatory effect of diet pattern on
age-associated cognitive decline 323 10.5 Multidomain interventions 326
10.6 Conclusions 327 Acknowledgment 327 References 327 Part III -
Evidence-based retardation of ageing 11 Science-based anti-ageing
nutritional recommendations 335 Inês Tomada and José Paulo Andrade 11.1
Introduction 335 11.2 The relevance of nutraceuticals and functional
nutrients in anti-ageing medicine 336 11.3 Nutrition from food vs from
supplements 340 11.3.1 Food enrichment and fortification 341 11.3.2
Nutritional supplements 342 11.3.2.1 Nutritional compounds as drugs
delivered via food 343 11.3.3 Pills capsules powders and syrups 351 11.3.4
Factors that affect the bioavailability of nutrients 352 11.3.4.1 Food
processing and cooking methods 353 11.3.4.2 Competitive interactions
between nutrients 355 11.3.4.3 Drug-food and drug-nutrients interactions
357 11.4 Favorable combinations of nutrients in food 360 11.5 Lifestyle
strategies for successful ageing 363 11.5.1 The mediterranean and asian
diets 368 11.5.2 The french paradox 375 Acknowledgment 378 References 378
Index 391