Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is the administration of antibiotics just prior to surgery in a previously uninfected patient. The objective of our work was to describe the practices of antibiotic prophylaxis in pediatric surgery in the city of Yaounde. This was a longitudinal descriptive study that was carried out in two phases: a retrospective phase and a prospective phase. There was a predominance of small male children aged 25 to 72 months in pediatric surgery. Urological pathologies were the most frequent and tonsillectomy the predominant operative indication. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the most commonly used antibiotic. The mean time to administration of the first antibiotic injection was 28.8 +/- 4.5 min before surgical incision. The average duration of antibiotic administration was longer than the standard recommendations with extremes of 1 and 21 days. Harmonization of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis practices in pediatrics and compliance with its principles remain a challenge in Cameroon.