Applied Urban Ecology

A Global Framework
Ed. by Richter, Matthias; Weiland, Ulrike

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book covers a range of recent approaches to urban ecology. It bridges the gap between theory and practice and presents a broad spectrum of recent urban ecology approaches from systems research to environmentally sound urban design, exemplified by selected case studies from different continents.

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Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework explores ways in which the environmental quality of urban areas can be improved starting with existing environmental conditions and their dynamics. Written by an internationally renowned selection of scientists and practitioners, the book covers a broad range of established and novel approaches to applied urban ecology.

Approaches chosen for the book are placed in the context of issues such as climate change, green- and open-space development, flood-risk assessment, threats to urban biodiversity, and increasing environmental pollution (especially in the "megacities" of newly industrialized countries). All topics covered were chosen because they are socially and socio-politically relevant today.

Further topics covered include sustainable energy and budget management, urban water resource management, urban land management, and urban landscape planning and design.

Throughout the book, concepts and methods are illustrated using case studies from around the world. A closing synopsis draws conclusions on how the findings of urban ecological research can be used in strategic urban management in the future.

Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework is an advanced textbook for students, researchers and experienced practitioners in urban ecology and urban environmental research, planning, and practice.

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Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 240
• Erscheinungstermin: 14. November 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 249mm x 191mm x 18mm
• Gewicht: 769g
• ISBN-13: 9781444333398
• ISBN-10: 1444333399
• Artikelnr.: 34159287

Autorenporträt

Matthias Richter, Environmental Scientist, Publicist and University Lecturer, Germany. Ulrike Weiland is Professor of Urban Ecology at the Institute for Geography, University of Leipzig, Germany.

Inhaltsangabe

List of contributors xi
Foreword xiii
PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
1. Urban ecology - brief history and present challenges 3
Ulrike Weiland andMatthias Richter
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Brief history 3
1.2.1 Initials in urban natural history 3
1.2.2 Socioecological tradition 4
1.2.3 Complex bioecological tradition 4
1.2.4 Ecosystem-related tradition 4
1.3 Recent and present challenges 5
1.4 Purpose and structure of the book 7
1.4.1 Purpose of the book 7
1.4.2 Structure of the book 8
References 9
PART II: URBAN ECOLOGY: RELATED DISCIPLINES AND METHODS 13
2. Thematic-methodical approaches to applied urban ecology 15
Matthias Richter and UlrikeWeiland
3. Monitoring urban land use changes with remote sensing techniques 18
Ellen Banzhaf andMaik Netzband
3.1 Land use changes and their consequences for urban ecology 18
3.2 Urban remote sensing (URS) and geographical information systems (GIS)
for research in urban ecology 19
3.3 Measuring physical characteristics of urban areas with remote sensing
technology 21
3.3.1 Effects of urban form on natural and man-made hazards 21
3.3.2 Urban dynamics and ecosystem function 23
3.4 Global initiatives to measure urban expansion and land use change 24
3.4.1 Global Urban Observatory of UN-HABITAT 24
3.4.2 "The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion" - a contribution by theWorld
Bank 24
3.4.3 Socioeconomic data and applications Center (SEDAC) at the Center for
International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia
University, New York, USA 25
3.4.4 The "100 Cities Project", Arizona State University, USA 26
3.5 Regional urban monitoring activities 26
3.5.1 Europe: ESPON, MOLAND and the Urban Atlas 26
3.5.2 Governmental research projects on urban growth in the United States
29
3.6 Synthesis and outlook 29
References 30
PART III: SELECTED FIELDS OF URBAN ECOLOGY 33
A. PATHWAYS OF THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH.
4. Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and ecological effects of
urbanization: a multiscale landscape approach 35
Jianguo Wu, Alexander Buyantuyev, G. Darrel Jenerette, Jennifer Litteral,
Kaesha Neil and Weijun Shen
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Characterizing the spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization 36
4.2.1 Quantifying urbanization patterns with landscape metrics 36
4.2.2 Other methods for quantifying urban landscape pattern 39
4.2.3 Effects of scale on the analysis of urban landscape patterns 39
4.2.4 Examples from CAP-LTER 40
4.3 Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization 41
4.3.1 Importance of simulation models in urban studies 41
4.3.2 Approaches to simulating urban dynamics 41
4.3.3 Examples from CAP-LTER 42
4.4 Effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem processes:
examples from CAP-LTER 43
4.4.1 Effects of urbanization on biodiversity 43
4.4.2 Effects of urbanization on soil biogeochemical patterns 44
4.4.3 Effects of urbanization on net primary production 45
4.4.4 Effects of urbanization on vegetation phenology 45
4.4.5 Urban heat islands and ecological effects 46
4.4.6 Ecosystem responses to urbanization-induced environmental changes 46
4.5 Concluding remarks 47
Acknowledgments 49
References 49
5. Designing urban systems: ecological strategies with stocks and flows of
energy and material 54
Peter Baccini
5.1 The challenge of a new urbanity 54
5.2 Urban systems and their resource management 56
5.2.1 Methodology applied investigating resource management of complex
systems 56
5.2.2 Relevant differences between agrarian and urban systems on a regional
scale 56
5.2.3 The resource management perspectives on a global scale 58
5.2.4 The essential mass resources in the development of urban regions 59
5.3 Strategies of reconstruction 60
5.3.1 The 2000 watt society 60
5.3.2 Transformation of urban regions in a "time of safe practice" 61
5.3.3 The exploration of urban stocks 61
5.4 Developing strategies for the design of urban systems 63
References 65
B. SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL THREATS.
6. Environmental and ecological threats in Indian mega-cities 66
Surinder Aggarwal and Carsten Butsch
6.1 Urbanization dynamics and emergence of mega-cities 66
6.2 Environmental threats 68
6.2.1 Environmental threats from waste water and sewerage disposal 68
6.2.2 Deteriorating air quality 69
6.2.3 Urban wastemismanagement and environmental degradation 71
6.2.4 Ecosystem damages and ecological footprints 72
6.2.5 Threats from natural hazards, disasters, and climate change 73
6.3 Mega-social challenges 74
6.3.1 Poverty and fragmentation 75
6.3.2 Rising vulnerabilities and insecurities 76
6.3.3 Inequities and inequalities in urban services 77
6.4 Concluding remarks 78
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
7. From wasteland to wilderness - aspects of a new form of urban nature 82
Dieter Rink and Harriet Herbst
7.1 Introduction 82
7.2 Urban wilderness - some attempts at defining the term 83
7.3 Wastelands as a source of urban wilderness 83
7.4 Urban wilderness in planning 85
7.5 On the ecology of urban wilderness 86
7.6 Urban wilderness in a social context 87
7.7 Educational value of urban wilderness 89
7.8 Conclusions 90
References 91
C. FLOODING AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION.
8. Multiscale flood risk assessment in urban areas - a geoinformatics
approach 93
Norman Kerle and Dinand Alkema
8.1 Introduction 93
8.2 Flood risk in the context of urban ecology 94
8.3 Comprehensive flood risk assessment - Naga City, the Philippines 96
8.3.1 Floods in Naga 96
8.3.2 Naga's flood management practices 97
8.3.3 Model-based flood scenario studies 97
8.3.4 Linking flood modeling with disaster management 98
8.3.5 Naga as example for other flood-prone cities 99
8.4 The role of remote sensing in flood risk assessment and management 99
8.4.1 Quasistatic hazard data 100
8.4.2 Dynamic hazard data 101
8.4.3 Mapping elements at risk 102
8.5 Disaster risk in the context of urban ecology - an outlook 104
References 104
9. Urban open spaces and adaptation to climate change 106
Marialena Nikolopoulou
9.1 Cities, climate change and the role of open spaces 106
9.2 Outdoor comfort 107
9.3 Use of space 108
9.3.1 Seasonal profile 108
9.3.2 Diurnal profile 108
9.4 Thermal perception 111
9.5 Adaptation 113
9.5.1 Physical adaptation 113
9.5.2 Psychological adaptation, 113
9.6 Design interventions 116
9.6.1 Materials 117
9.6.2 Vegetation 118
9.6.3 Shading 118
9.6.4 Water 119
9.6.5 Other measures 119
9.7 Conclusions 120
References 121
D. URBAN BIODIVERSITY.
10. Social aspects of urban ecology in developing countries, with an
emphasis on urban domestic gardens 123
Sarel Cilliers, Stefan Siebert, Elandrie Davoren and Rina Lubbe
10.1 Introduction 123
10.2 Social benefits and human perceptions of urban green areas 124
10.3 Consequences of socioeconomic aspects on the urban green
infrastructure 125
10.4 Urban domestic gardens 126
10.4.1 Literature review 126
10.4.2 Case studies from the North-West Province, South Africa 128
10.5 Conclusions 133
References 135
11. Plant material for urban landscapes in the era of globalization: roots,
challenges and innovative solutions 139
Maria Ignatieva
11.1 Introduction 139
11.2 The beginning of plant material globalization 139
11.3 Victorian Gardenesque (1820-1880) 140
11.4 Influence of the Victorian garden on the global planting pattern 142
11.5 Victorian tropical and subtropical paradise 143
11.6 Modern nurseries' direction: global pool of plants 145
11.7 Innovative solutions: searching for new ecological planting design 148
11.7.1 Europe: United Kingdom 148
11.7.2 Europe: The Netherlands 148
11.7.3 Europe: Germany 148
11.7.4 United States 149
11.7.5 New Zealand: modern approach to planting design 149
11.8 Discussion and conclusion 150
Acknowledgments 150
References 150
E. ENVIRONMENTAL URBAN DESIGN.
12. Ecological infrastructure leads the way: the negative approach and
landscape urbanism for smart preservation and smart growth 152
Kongjian Yu
12.1 Introduction 152
12.1.1 Urbanization in China challenges survival 152
12.1.2 The failure of the conventional approach in urban development
planning 153
12.1.3 Green infrastructure leads the way: the negative approach and
landscape urbanism 154
12.2 The negative approach: methodology 158
12.2.1 Process analysis 158
12.2.2 Defining landscape security patterns 159
12.2.3 Defining ecological infrastructure 159
12.2.4 Defining urban form at the large scale: urban growth alternatives
based on regional EI 159
12.2.5 Defining urban form at the intermediate scale: urban open spaces
system based on EI 159
12.2.6 Defining urban form at the small scale: site-specific urban
development alternatives based on EI 159
12.3 Urban growth based on EI: a case of negative planning for Taizhou City
159
12.3.1 Critical landscape processes 161
12.3.2 Defining landscape security patterns for the targeted processes 162
12.3.3 Defining ecological infrastructure 164
12.3.4 Scenarios of urban growth pattern based on the regional ecological
infrastructure 164
12.3.5 Shaping urban form at the intermediate scale 165
12.3.6 Shaping urban land development at the small scale 165
12.4 Conclusion 165
References 166
13. Integrating science and creativity for landscape planning and design of
urban areas 170
Antje Stokman and Christina von Haaren
13.1 Introduction 170
13.2 Landscape planning as a legally based contribution to sustainable
development in Germany 171
13.2.1 Tasks of landscape planning 171
13.2.2 Methodologies of landscape planning 172
13.3 Landscape design as a creative cultural action 173
13.3.1 Tasks of landscape design 173
13.3.2 Methodologies of landscape design 174
13.4 Linking landscape planning and design: differences, interfaces and
potential synergies 175
13.4.1 A matter of timeline and scale: linking multidimensional
perspectives on strategic landscape development 175
13.4.2 A matter of perception and meaning: linking environmental goals and
cultural concepts 176
13.4.3 A matter of process and learning: linking management and
experimentation to achieve adaptive landscape development 178
13.4.4 A matter of involvement and experience: linking information and
participation 181
13.5 Conclusion 182
Acknowledgment 183
References 183
14. Landscape as a living system: Shanghai 2010 Expo Houtan Park 186
Kongjian Yu
14.1 Introduction 186
14.2 Objective 186
14.3 Challenges 186
14.3.1 Pollution 186
14.3.2 Flooding 186
14.3.3 Circulation 187
14.3.4 Transformation 187
14.3.5 Identity 187
14.3.6 Form 188
14.4 Design concept and strategy: a living system 188
14.4.1 Ecological landscape 189
14.4.2 Three dimensions of meanings 190
14.4.3 Experience network 191
14.5 Conclusions 192
F. ENVIRONMENTAL URBAN POLITICS.
15. Geographical perspectives on a radical political ecology of water 193
Alex Loftus
15.1 Introduction 193
15.2 The urbanization of nature 194
15.3 Urban political ecologies of water 195
15.4 Privatization questions 196
15.5 Taking the debates forward 199
15.6 Infrastructures of power: democratizing water technologies 199
15.7 The everyday 201
15.8 Conclusions 202
References 202
PART IV: SYNTHESIS 205
16. Synthesizing urban ecology research and topics for urban environmental
management 207
Matthias Richter and UlrikeWeiland
Index 213

Rezensionen

"I am sure that anyone teaching in this area at undergraduate or postgraduate levels will want it on their bookshelf." -- Elsevier's Biological Conservation, 1 January 2012

"I highly recommend the very hands on and engaging book Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework edited by Matthias Richter and Ulrike Weiland, to any field researchers, scientists, practitioners, urban planners, policy makers in government, business leaders, educators, and students at all levels who are seeking a clear and understandable guide to urban ecology, its challenges, and its potential solutions. This book will transform the way decision makers approach urban ecological issues, and provide students with a firm foundation in applied urban ecology." -- Blog Business World, 4 January 2012

"Nevertheless, each chapter is worth reading and I am sure this book will become a primer for studies in urban ecology. I am sure that anyone teaching in this area at undergraduate or postgraduate levels will want it on their bookshelf." -- Biological Conservation, 12 December 2011