L. Irving

Arctic Life of Birds and Mammals

Including Man

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

After travel through Alaska during the Second World War, in 1947 I went to Barrow with a very lively group of biologists. From their productive research developed the Arctic Research Laboratory. While we examined the rather surpris ingly modest metabolic rates of arctic warmblooded animals in cold, PER SCHO LANDER proposed and then carried out measurements of metabolism of some tropi cal animals in Panama. The differences could be formulated to show the basis of adaptation to arctic cold and to tropical warmth. Imagination and logic were required to formulate the comparison so that it could become a part of science, but the essential measurements were derived from animals and plants in their own arctic and tropical environments. Characteristics that adapt the forms of life to climatic conditions of various environments appear clear in the large dimensions of extremely differing climates. At the time of my arrival in Alaska many of the arctic Eskimos were still largely dependent on natural resources of their immediate and local environment, in which great seasonal changes in temperature and solar radiation appeared as dominant factors. The living environment on which they subsisted was also mar kedly affected by the changes of the seasons, in particular by the change in state of water to ice that terminated summer and by the melting that brought the late transition from winter to summer.

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Produktdetails

• Zoophysiology .2
• Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 86011857, 978-3-642-85657-0
• Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1972
• Seitenzahl: 212
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. April 2014
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 244mm x 170mm x 12mm
• Gewicht: 366g
• ISBN-13: 9783642856570
• ISBN-10: 3642856578
• Artikelnr.: 40768688

Inhaltsangabe

1 Introduction.- 2 Environment of Arctic Life.- Geographical Characteristics.- Arctic Seasons.- Areas Occupied by Life.- History of Arctic Climates.- Migrations of Man to America.- Extinction of Large Land Mammals.- Adjustments of Climatic Change.- References.- 3 Mammals of the Arctic.- Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions.- Arctic Native Human Populations.- Arctic Mammals.- Sea Mammals.- Arctic Mammals of the Late Pleistocene.- Resettlement of Lands as Wisconsin Ice Caps Melted.- References.- 4 Arctic Land Birds and Their Migrations.- Birds Resident in High-arctic Latitudes.- Winter Birds of the Alaskan Tundra and Adjacent Forests.- Survival in the Beringian Refuge.- Migrations of Birds.- Stability and Extent of Eskimo Knowledge of Birds.- Indications for Changes in Range of Birds.- Changes in Habits of Birds.- Wisconsin and Post-glacial Migrations.- Organization of Migrating Populations.- Migrations in Other Parts of Alaska.- References.- 5 Maintenance of Arctic Populations: Birds.- The Influx of Birds to Breed on Arctic Lands.- Birds of the Interior Tundra.- Nesting in the High Arctic.- Colonial Maritime Birds.- References.- 6 Maintenance of Arctic Populations of Mammals.- Marine Mammals that Breed on Ice.- Mammals that Breed on Land.- Population Cycles and the Northern Catch of Furs.- Arctic Foxes.- Polar Bears.- References.- 7 Warm Temperature of Birds and Mammals.- Early Reports from Arctic Explorers.- Warmth of Arctic and Other Animals.- General Observations on Temperature in the Body.- References.- 8 Maintenance of Warmth by Variable Insulation.- Insulation of Arctic Animals by Fur and Feathers.- Insulation of Birds.- Aquatic Birds and Mammals.- Formulation of Thermal Balance with Environmental Temperature.- Formulation of Economy of Animal Heat.- References.- 9 Metabolic Supply of Heat.- Comparison of Specific Metabolic Rates.- Lower Critical Temperatures of Mammals.- Summary.- References.- 10 Heterothermic Operation of Homeotherms.- Gradients of Temperature from Depth to Surface.- Heterothermic Operations in Mammals.- Insulation of Mammals without Fur.- Ontogeny of Effective Thermoregulation in Seals.- Size and the Use of Adipose Tissue for Insulation.- References.- 11 Size and Seasonal Change in Dimensions.- Temperature in Production of Heat.- Ontogeny of Thermoregulation.- References.- 12 Insulation of Man.- Historical Use of Clothing.- Early Contact with Arctic Eskimos.- Shelter and Clothing of Eskimos.- Urban Man's Adjustment to Cold.- Adjustments of Men Native to Cold Climates.- Physiological Tests.- Examples of Special Adjustment for Cold.- Comments on Insulation of Mammals without Fur.- References.