Arid Zone Geomorphology
Process, Form and Change in Drylands
Herausgegeben von Thomas, David S. G.
Arid Zone Geomorphology
Process, Form and Change in Drylands
Herausgegeben von Thomas, David S. G.
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The new edition of Arid Zone Geomorphology aims to encapsulate the advances that have been made in recent years in the investigation and explanation of landforms and geomorphological processes in drylands. Building on the success of the previous two editions, the Third Edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the field. Whilst this latest edition will remain a comprehensive reference to the subject, the book has been restructured to include regional case studies throughout to enhance student understanding and is clearly defined into five distinct…mehr
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The new edition of Arid Zone Geomorphology aims to encapsulate the advances that have been made in recent years in the investigation and explanation of landforms and geomorphological processes in drylands. Building on the success of the previous two editions, the Third Edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the field. Whilst this latest edition will remain a comprehensive reference to the subject, the book has been restructured to include regional case studies throughout to enhance student understanding and is clearly defined into five distinct sections; Firstly, the book introduces the reader to Large Scale Controls and Variability in Drylands and then moves on to consider Surface Processes and Characteristics; The Work of Water, The Work of the Wind. The book concludes with a section on Living with Dryland Geomorphology that includes a chapter on geomorphological hazards and the human impact on these environments.
Once again, recognised world experts in the field have been invited to contribute chapters in order to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of current knowledge about the processes shaping the landscape of deserts and arid regions. In order to broaden the appeal of the Third Edition, the book has been reduced in extent by 100 pages and the Regional chapters have been omitted in favour of the inclusion of key regional case studies throughout the book. The Editor is also considering the inclusion of a supplementary website that could include further images, problems and case studies.
Once again, recognised world experts in the field have been invited to contribute chapters in order to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of current knowledge about the processes shaping the landscape of deserts and arid regions. In order to broaden the appeal of the Third Edition, the book has been reduced in extent by 100 pages and the Regional chapters have been omitted in favour of the inclusion of key regional case studies throughout the book. The Editor is also considering the inclusion of a supplementary website that could include further images, problems and case studies.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 3. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 648
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. März 2011
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 264mm x 203mm x 38mm
- Gewicht: 1570g
- ISBN-13: 9780470519080
- ISBN-10: 0470519088
- Artikelnr.: 32567706
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 3. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 648
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. März 2011
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 264mm x 203mm x 38mm
- Gewicht: 1570g
- ISBN-13: 9780470519080
- ISBN-10: 0470519088
- Artikelnr.: 32567706
David S. G. Thomas is a scientist and geographer. He was born in Buckland Hospital, Dover, Kent, UK, in 1958. He is professor of geography at the University of Oxford, and a professorial fellow of Hertford College, Oxford.
List of contributors. Preface to the first edition. Preface to the second
edition. Preface to the third edition. I Large-scale controls and
variability in drylands. 1 Arid environments: their nature and extent
(David S.G. Thomas). 1.1 Geomorphology in arid environments. 1.2 Arid zone
distinctiveness and the quest for explanation. 1.3 Arid zones: terminology
and definitions. 1.4 The age of aridity on Earth. 1.5 The distribution of
arid zones. 1.6 Causes of aridity. 1.7 Climate variability. 1.8 Dryland
ecosystems. 1.9 Arid zone geomorphology and people. 1.10 Organisation of
this book. 2 Tectonic frameworks (Helen Rendell). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Tectonic setting of drylands. 2.3 Uplift and erosion, subsidence and
sedimentation. 2.4 Lengths of record. 2.5 Existing erosional and
depositional records in arid environments. 2.6 Selected examples of the
geomorphological impact of active tectonics in arid environments. 2.7
Conclusions. 3 Climatic frameworks: legacies from the past (David S.G.
Thomas and Sallie L. Burrough). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The significance of
arid zone fluctuations in the past. 3.3 Dating arid zone fluctuations. 3.4
Climatic interpretations and issues. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Dryland system
variability (David S. G. Thomas). 4.1 A framework for dryland diversity.
4.2 Geomonotony: how unvarying are the 'flat' drylands of the world? 4.3
Within-dryland diversity. 4.4 Summary issues. 5 Extraterrestrial arid
surface processes (Jonathan Clarke). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 What does
'aridity' mean beyond Earth? 5.3 Why should planetary scientists understand
terrestrial arid geomorphology? 5.4 What can terrestrial geomorphologists
learn from a solar system perspective? 5.5 Mars: water-based aridity. 5.6
Titan: methane-based aridity? 5.7 Venus: extreme aridity. 5.8 Future
Directions. II Surface processes and characteristics. 6 Weathering systems
(Heather A. Viles). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 What makes arid environments
unusual in terms of weathering systems? 6.3 Theoretical underpinnings of
weathering systems research. 6.4 Current weathering study methods. 6.5
Linking processes to form in arid weathering systems. 6.6 Explaining the
development of weathering landforms in arid environments. 6.7 Weathering
rates in arid environments. 6.8 Arid weathering and landscape evolution.
6.9 Scale and arid weathering systems. 7 Desert soils (David L. Dunkerley).
7.1 Introduction: the nature and significance of desert soils. 7.2 Taxonomy
of desert soils. 7.3 Some distinctive aspects of desert soil development.
7.4 Stone-mantled surfaces and desert pavements. 7.5 Inorganic seals at the
soil surface. 7.6 Vesicular soil structures. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Desert
crusts and rock coatings (David J. Nash). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sodium
nitrate deposits. 8.3 Halite crusts. 8.4 Gypsum crusts. 8.5 Calcrete. 8.6
Silcrete. 8.7 Desert rock coatings. 8.8 Palaeoenvironmental significance of
crusts. 9 Pavements and stone mantles (Julie E. Laity). 9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Surface types: hamadas and stony surfaces. 9.3 General theories
concerning stony surface formation. 9.4 Stone pavement characteristics. 9.5
Processes of pavement formation. 9.6 Processes of clast size reduction in
pavements. 9.7 Secondary characteristics of pavement surfaces and regional
differences in pavement formation. 9.8 Secondary modifications to pavement
surfaces. 9.9 Ecohydrology of pavement surfaces. 9.10 Relative and absolute
dating of geomorphic surfaces based on pavement development. 9.11
Conclusions. 10 Slope systems (John Wainwright and Richard E. Brazier).
10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Badlands. 10.3 Rock slopes. 10.4 Conclusion. III
The work of water. 11 Runoff generation, overland flow and erosion on
hillslopes (John Wainwright and Louise J. Bracken). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2
Infiltration processes. 11.3 Factors affecting infiltration. 11.4 Runoff
generation. 11.5 Erosion processes on hillslopes. 11.6 Conclusions. 12
Distinctiveness and diversity of arid zone river systems (Stephen Tooth and
Gerald C. Nanson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Distinctiveness of dryland
rivers. 12.3 Diversity of dryland rivers. 12.4 Reassessing distinctiveness
and diversity. 12.5 Conclusions. 13 Channel form, flows and sediments of
endogenous ephemeral rivers in deserts (Ian Reid and Lynne E. Frostick).
13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rainfall and river discharge. 13.3 Ephemeral river
channel geometry. 13.4 Fluvial sediment transport. 13.5 Desert river
deposits. 13.6 Conclusions. 14 Dryland alluvial fans (Adrian Harvey). 14.1
Introduction: dryland alluvial fans - an overview. 14.2 Process and form on
dryland alluvial fans. 14.3 Factors controlling alluvial fan dynamics. 14.4
Alluvial fan dynamics. 14.5 Discussion: significance of dry-region alluvial
fans. 15 Pans, playas and salt lakes (Paul A. Shaw and Rob G. Bryant). 15.1
The nature and occurrence of pans, playas and salt lakes. 15.2 Pan
hydrology and hydrochemistry. 15.3 Influences of pan hydrology and
hydrochemistry on surface morphology. 15.4 Aeolian processes in pan
environments. 15.5 Pans and playas as palaeoenvironmental indicators. 16
Groundwater controls and processes (David J. Nash). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2
Groundwater processes in valley and scarp development. 16.3 Groundwater and
pan/playa development. 16.4 Groundwater and aeolian processes. IV The work
of the wind. 17 Aeolian landscapes and bedforms (David S.G. Thomas). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Aeolian bedforms: scales and relationships. 17.3 The
global distribution of sand seas. 17.4 The global distribution of loess.
17.5 Dynamic aeolian landscapes in the Quaternary period. 17.6 Conclusions.
18 Sediment mobilisation by the wind (Giles F. S. Wiggs). 18.1
Introduction. 18.2 The nature of windflow in deserts.ess elements on
velocity profiles. 18.3 Sediment in air. 18.4 Determining the threshold of
grain entrainment. 18.5 Surface modifications to entrainment thresholds and
transport flux. 18.6 Modes of sediment transport. 18.7 Ripples. 18.8
Prediction and measurement of sediment flux. 18.9 The role of turbulence in
aeolian sediment transport. 18.10 Conclusions. 19 Desert dune processes and
dynamics (Nick Lancaster). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Desert dune morphology.
19.3 Dune types and environments. 19.4 Airflow over dunes. 19.5 Dune
dynamics. 19.6 Dune development. 19.7 Controls of dune morphology. 19.8
Dune patterns. 19.9 Conclusions. 20 Desert dust (Richard Washington and
Giles S. F. Wiggs). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Key source areas. 20.3 Temporal
changes in dust. 20.4 Future climate change. 20.5 Conclusions. 21 Wind
erosion in drylands (Julie E. Laity). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 The physical
setting: conditions for wind erosion. 21.3 Conclusions. V Living with
dryland geomorphology. 22 The human impact (Nick Middleton). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Human impacts on soils. 22.3 Human impacts on sand
dunes. 22.4 Human impacts on rivers. 22.5 Cause and effect: the arroyo
debate continues. 22.6 Conclusions. 23 Geomorphological hazards in drylands
(Giles F. S. Wiggs). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Aeolian hazards. 23.3 The
aeolian dust hazard. 23.4 Agricultural wind erosion. 23.5 Drainage of
inland water bodies. 23.6 Fluvial hazards. 23.7 Conclusions. 24 Future
climate change and arid zone geomorphology (Richard Washington and David S.
G. Thomas). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Climate change projections: basis and
uncertainties. 24.3 Overview of global climate change projections in the
context of arid zones. 24.3.1 Methods of establishing climate change
impacts in arid zones. 24.4 Climate change and dunes. 24.5 Climate change
and dust. 24.6 Climate change and fluvial systems. 24.7 Conclusions. Index.
edition. Preface to the third edition. I Large-scale controls and
variability in drylands. 1 Arid environments: their nature and extent
(David S.G. Thomas). 1.1 Geomorphology in arid environments. 1.2 Arid zone
distinctiveness and the quest for explanation. 1.3 Arid zones: terminology
and definitions. 1.4 The age of aridity on Earth. 1.5 The distribution of
arid zones. 1.6 Causes of aridity. 1.7 Climate variability. 1.8 Dryland
ecosystems. 1.9 Arid zone geomorphology and people. 1.10 Organisation of
this book. 2 Tectonic frameworks (Helen Rendell). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Tectonic setting of drylands. 2.3 Uplift and erosion, subsidence and
sedimentation. 2.4 Lengths of record. 2.5 Existing erosional and
depositional records in arid environments. 2.6 Selected examples of the
geomorphological impact of active tectonics in arid environments. 2.7
Conclusions. 3 Climatic frameworks: legacies from the past (David S.G.
Thomas and Sallie L. Burrough). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The significance of
arid zone fluctuations in the past. 3.3 Dating arid zone fluctuations. 3.4
Climatic interpretations and issues. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Dryland system
variability (David S. G. Thomas). 4.1 A framework for dryland diversity.
4.2 Geomonotony: how unvarying are the 'flat' drylands of the world? 4.3
Within-dryland diversity. 4.4 Summary issues. 5 Extraterrestrial arid
surface processes (Jonathan Clarke). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 What does
'aridity' mean beyond Earth? 5.3 Why should planetary scientists understand
terrestrial arid geomorphology? 5.4 What can terrestrial geomorphologists
learn from a solar system perspective? 5.5 Mars: water-based aridity. 5.6
Titan: methane-based aridity? 5.7 Venus: extreme aridity. 5.8 Future
Directions. II Surface processes and characteristics. 6 Weathering systems
(Heather A. Viles). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 What makes arid environments
unusual in terms of weathering systems? 6.3 Theoretical underpinnings of
weathering systems research. 6.4 Current weathering study methods. 6.5
Linking processes to form in arid weathering systems. 6.6 Explaining the
development of weathering landforms in arid environments. 6.7 Weathering
rates in arid environments. 6.8 Arid weathering and landscape evolution.
6.9 Scale and arid weathering systems. 7 Desert soils (David L. Dunkerley).
7.1 Introduction: the nature and significance of desert soils. 7.2 Taxonomy
of desert soils. 7.3 Some distinctive aspects of desert soil development.
7.4 Stone-mantled surfaces and desert pavements. 7.5 Inorganic seals at the
soil surface. 7.6 Vesicular soil structures. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Desert
crusts and rock coatings (David J. Nash). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sodium
nitrate deposits. 8.3 Halite crusts. 8.4 Gypsum crusts. 8.5 Calcrete. 8.6
Silcrete. 8.7 Desert rock coatings. 8.8 Palaeoenvironmental significance of
crusts. 9 Pavements and stone mantles (Julie E. Laity). 9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Surface types: hamadas and stony surfaces. 9.3 General theories
concerning stony surface formation. 9.4 Stone pavement characteristics. 9.5
Processes of pavement formation. 9.6 Processes of clast size reduction in
pavements. 9.7 Secondary characteristics of pavement surfaces and regional
differences in pavement formation. 9.8 Secondary modifications to pavement
surfaces. 9.9 Ecohydrology of pavement surfaces. 9.10 Relative and absolute
dating of geomorphic surfaces based on pavement development. 9.11
Conclusions. 10 Slope systems (John Wainwright and Richard E. Brazier).
10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Badlands. 10.3 Rock slopes. 10.4 Conclusion. III
The work of water. 11 Runoff generation, overland flow and erosion on
hillslopes (John Wainwright and Louise J. Bracken). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2
Infiltration processes. 11.3 Factors affecting infiltration. 11.4 Runoff
generation. 11.5 Erosion processes on hillslopes. 11.6 Conclusions. 12
Distinctiveness and diversity of arid zone river systems (Stephen Tooth and
Gerald C. Nanson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Distinctiveness of dryland
rivers. 12.3 Diversity of dryland rivers. 12.4 Reassessing distinctiveness
and diversity. 12.5 Conclusions. 13 Channel form, flows and sediments of
endogenous ephemeral rivers in deserts (Ian Reid and Lynne E. Frostick).
13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rainfall and river discharge. 13.3 Ephemeral river
channel geometry. 13.4 Fluvial sediment transport. 13.5 Desert river
deposits. 13.6 Conclusions. 14 Dryland alluvial fans (Adrian Harvey). 14.1
Introduction: dryland alluvial fans - an overview. 14.2 Process and form on
dryland alluvial fans. 14.3 Factors controlling alluvial fan dynamics. 14.4
Alluvial fan dynamics. 14.5 Discussion: significance of dry-region alluvial
fans. 15 Pans, playas and salt lakes (Paul A. Shaw and Rob G. Bryant). 15.1
The nature and occurrence of pans, playas and salt lakes. 15.2 Pan
hydrology and hydrochemistry. 15.3 Influences of pan hydrology and
hydrochemistry on surface morphology. 15.4 Aeolian processes in pan
environments. 15.5 Pans and playas as palaeoenvironmental indicators. 16
Groundwater controls and processes (David J. Nash). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2
Groundwater processes in valley and scarp development. 16.3 Groundwater and
pan/playa development. 16.4 Groundwater and aeolian processes. IV The work
of the wind. 17 Aeolian landscapes and bedforms (David S.G. Thomas). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Aeolian bedforms: scales and relationships. 17.3 The
global distribution of sand seas. 17.4 The global distribution of loess.
17.5 Dynamic aeolian landscapes in the Quaternary period. 17.6 Conclusions.
18 Sediment mobilisation by the wind (Giles F. S. Wiggs). 18.1
Introduction. 18.2 The nature of windflow in deserts.ess elements on
velocity profiles. 18.3 Sediment in air. 18.4 Determining the threshold of
grain entrainment. 18.5 Surface modifications to entrainment thresholds and
transport flux. 18.6 Modes of sediment transport. 18.7 Ripples. 18.8
Prediction and measurement of sediment flux. 18.9 The role of turbulence in
aeolian sediment transport. 18.10 Conclusions. 19 Desert dune processes and
dynamics (Nick Lancaster). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Desert dune morphology.
19.3 Dune types and environments. 19.4 Airflow over dunes. 19.5 Dune
dynamics. 19.6 Dune development. 19.7 Controls of dune morphology. 19.8
Dune patterns. 19.9 Conclusions. 20 Desert dust (Richard Washington and
Giles S. F. Wiggs). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Key source areas. 20.3 Temporal
changes in dust. 20.4 Future climate change. 20.5 Conclusions. 21 Wind
erosion in drylands (Julie E. Laity). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 The physical
setting: conditions for wind erosion. 21.3 Conclusions. V Living with
dryland geomorphology. 22 The human impact (Nick Middleton). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Human impacts on soils. 22.3 Human impacts on sand
dunes. 22.4 Human impacts on rivers. 22.5 Cause and effect: the arroyo
debate continues. 22.6 Conclusions. 23 Geomorphological hazards in drylands
(Giles F. S. Wiggs). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Aeolian hazards. 23.3 The
aeolian dust hazard. 23.4 Agricultural wind erosion. 23.5 Drainage of
inland water bodies. 23.6 Fluvial hazards. 23.7 Conclusions. 24 Future
climate change and arid zone geomorphology (Richard Washington and David S.
G. Thomas). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Climate change projections: basis and
uncertainties. 24.3 Overview of global climate change projections in the
context of arid zones. 24.3.1 Methods of establishing climate change
impacts in arid zones. 24.4 Climate change and dunes. 24.5 Climate change
and dust. 24.6 Climate change and fluvial systems. 24.7 Conclusions. Index.
List of contributors. Preface to the first edition. Preface to the second
edition. Preface to the third edition. I Large-scale controls and
variability in drylands. 1 Arid environments: their nature and extent
(David S.G. Thomas). 1.1 Geomorphology in arid environments. 1.2 Arid zone
distinctiveness and the quest for explanation. 1.3 Arid zones: terminology
and definitions. 1.4 The age of aridity on Earth. 1.5 The distribution of
arid zones. 1.6 Causes of aridity. 1.7 Climate variability. 1.8 Dryland
ecosystems. 1.9 Arid zone geomorphology and people. 1.10 Organisation of
this book. 2 Tectonic frameworks (Helen Rendell). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Tectonic setting of drylands. 2.3 Uplift and erosion, subsidence and
sedimentation. 2.4 Lengths of record. 2.5 Existing erosional and
depositional records in arid environments. 2.6 Selected examples of the
geomorphological impact of active tectonics in arid environments. 2.7
Conclusions. 3 Climatic frameworks: legacies from the past (David S.G.
Thomas and Sallie L. Burrough). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The significance of
arid zone fluctuations in the past. 3.3 Dating arid zone fluctuations. 3.4
Climatic interpretations and issues. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Dryland system
variability (David S. G. Thomas). 4.1 A framework for dryland diversity.
4.2 Geomonotony: how unvarying are the 'flat' drylands of the world? 4.3
Within-dryland diversity. 4.4 Summary issues. 5 Extraterrestrial arid
surface processes (Jonathan Clarke). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 What does
'aridity' mean beyond Earth? 5.3 Why should planetary scientists understand
terrestrial arid geomorphology? 5.4 What can terrestrial geomorphologists
learn from a solar system perspective? 5.5 Mars: water-based aridity. 5.6
Titan: methane-based aridity? 5.7 Venus: extreme aridity. 5.8 Future
Directions. II Surface processes and characteristics. 6 Weathering systems
(Heather A. Viles). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 What makes arid environments
unusual in terms of weathering systems? 6.3 Theoretical underpinnings of
weathering systems research. 6.4 Current weathering study methods. 6.5
Linking processes to form in arid weathering systems. 6.6 Explaining the
development of weathering landforms in arid environments. 6.7 Weathering
rates in arid environments. 6.8 Arid weathering and landscape evolution.
6.9 Scale and arid weathering systems. 7 Desert soils (David L. Dunkerley).
7.1 Introduction: the nature and significance of desert soils. 7.2 Taxonomy
of desert soils. 7.3 Some distinctive aspects of desert soil development.
7.4 Stone-mantled surfaces and desert pavements. 7.5 Inorganic seals at the
soil surface. 7.6 Vesicular soil structures. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Desert
crusts and rock coatings (David J. Nash). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sodium
nitrate deposits. 8.3 Halite crusts. 8.4 Gypsum crusts. 8.5 Calcrete. 8.6
Silcrete. 8.7 Desert rock coatings. 8.8 Palaeoenvironmental significance of
crusts. 9 Pavements and stone mantles (Julie E. Laity). 9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Surface types: hamadas and stony surfaces. 9.3 General theories
concerning stony surface formation. 9.4 Stone pavement characteristics. 9.5
Processes of pavement formation. 9.6 Processes of clast size reduction in
pavements. 9.7 Secondary characteristics of pavement surfaces and regional
differences in pavement formation. 9.8 Secondary modifications to pavement
surfaces. 9.9 Ecohydrology of pavement surfaces. 9.10 Relative and absolute
dating of geomorphic surfaces based on pavement development. 9.11
Conclusions. 10 Slope systems (John Wainwright and Richard E. Brazier).
10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Badlands. 10.3 Rock slopes. 10.4 Conclusion. III
The work of water. 11 Runoff generation, overland flow and erosion on
hillslopes (John Wainwright and Louise J. Bracken). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2
Infiltration processes. 11.3 Factors affecting infiltration. 11.4 Runoff
generation. 11.5 Erosion processes on hillslopes. 11.6 Conclusions. 12
Distinctiveness and diversity of arid zone river systems (Stephen Tooth and
Gerald C. Nanson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Distinctiveness of dryland
rivers. 12.3 Diversity of dryland rivers. 12.4 Reassessing distinctiveness
and diversity. 12.5 Conclusions. 13 Channel form, flows and sediments of
endogenous ephemeral rivers in deserts (Ian Reid and Lynne E. Frostick).
13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rainfall and river discharge. 13.3 Ephemeral river
channel geometry. 13.4 Fluvial sediment transport. 13.5 Desert river
deposits. 13.6 Conclusions. 14 Dryland alluvial fans (Adrian Harvey). 14.1
Introduction: dryland alluvial fans - an overview. 14.2 Process and form on
dryland alluvial fans. 14.3 Factors controlling alluvial fan dynamics. 14.4
Alluvial fan dynamics. 14.5 Discussion: significance of dry-region alluvial
fans. 15 Pans, playas and salt lakes (Paul A. Shaw and Rob G. Bryant). 15.1
The nature and occurrence of pans, playas and salt lakes. 15.2 Pan
hydrology and hydrochemistry. 15.3 Influences of pan hydrology and
hydrochemistry on surface morphology. 15.4 Aeolian processes in pan
environments. 15.5 Pans and playas as palaeoenvironmental indicators. 16
Groundwater controls and processes (David J. Nash). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2
Groundwater processes in valley and scarp development. 16.3 Groundwater and
pan/playa development. 16.4 Groundwater and aeolian processes. IV The work
of the wind. 17 Aeolian landscapes and bedforms (David S.G. Thomas). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Aeolian bedforms: scales and relationships. 17.3 The
global distribution of sand seas. 17.4 The global distribution of loess.
17.5 Dynamic aeolian landscapes in the Quaternary period. 17.6 Conclusions.
18 Sediment mobilisation by the wind (Giles F. S. Wiggs). 18.1
Introduction. 18.2 The nature of windflow in deserts.ess elements on
velocity profiles. 18.3 Sediment in air. 18.4 Determining the threshold of
grain entrainment. 18.5 Surface modifications to entrainment thresholds and
transport flux. 18.6 Modes of sediment transport. 18.7 Ripples. 18.8
Prediction and measurement of sediment flux. 18.9 The role of turbulence in
aeolian sediment transport. 18.10 Conclusions. 19 Desert dune processes and
dynamics (Nick Lancaster). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Desert dune morphology.
19.3 Dune types and environments. 19.4 Airflow over dunes. 19.5 Dune
dynamics. 19.6 Dune development. 19.7 Controls of dune morphology. 19.8
Dune patterns. 19.9 Conclusions. 20 Desert dust (Richard Washington and
Giles S. F. Wiggs). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Key source areas. 20.3 Temporal
changes in dust. 20.4 Future climate change. 20.5 Conclusions. 21 Wind
erosion in drylands (Julie E. Laity). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 The physical
setting: conditions for wind erosion. 21.3 Conclusions. V Living with
dryland geomorphology. 22 The human impact (Nick Middleton). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Human impacts on soils. 22.3 Human impacts on sand
dunes. 22.4 Human impacts on rivers. 22.5 Cause and effect: the arroyo
debate continues. 22.6 Conclusions. 23 Geomorphological hazards in drylands
(Giles F. S. Wiggs). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Aeolian hazards. 23.3 The
aeolian dust hazard. 23.4 Agricultural wind erosion. 23.5 Drainage of
inland water bodies. 23.6 Fluvial hazards. 23.7 Conclusions. 24 Future
climate change and arid zone geomorphology (Richard Washington and David S.
G. Thomas). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Climate change projections: basis and
uncertainties. 24.3 Overview of global climate change projections in the
context of arid zones. 24.3.1 Methods of establishing climate change
impacts in arid zones. 24.4 Climate change and dunes. 24.5 Climate change
and dust. 24.6 Climate change and fluvial systems. 24.7 Conclusions. Index.
edition. Preface to the third edition. I Large-scale controls and
variability in drylands. 1 Arid environments: their nature and extent
(David S.G. Thomas). 1.1 Geomorphology in arid environments. 1.2 Arid zone
distinctiveness and the quest for explanation. 1.3 Arid zones: terminology
and definitions. 1.4 The age of aridity on Earth. 1.5 The distribution of
arid zones. 1.6 Causes of aridity. 1.7 Climate variability. 1.8 Dryland
ecosystems. 1.9 Arid zone geomorphology and people. 1.10 Organisation of
this book. 2 Tectonic frameworks (Helen Rendell). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Tectonic setting of drylands. 2.3 Uplift and erosion, subsidence and
sedimentation. 2.4 Lengths of record. 2.5 Existing erosional and
depositional records in arid environments. 2.6 Selected examples of the
geomorphological impact of active tectonics in arid environments. 2.7
Conclusions. 3 Climatic frameworks: legacies from the past (David S.G.
Thomas and Sallie L. Burrough). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The significance of
arid zone fluctuations in the past. 3.3 Dating arid zone fluctuations. 3.4
Climatic interpretations and issues. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Dryland system
variability (David S. G. Thomas). 4.1 A framework for dryland diversity.
4.2 Geomonotony: how unvarying are the 'flat' drylands of the world? 4.3
Within-dryland diversity. 4.4 Summary issues. 5 Extraterrestrial arid
surface processes (Jonathan Clarke). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 What does
'aridity' mean beyond Earth? 5.3 Why should planetary scientists understand
terrestrial arid geomorphology? 5.4 What can terrestrial geomorphologists
learn from a solar system perspective? 5.5 Mars: water-based aridity. 5.6
Titan: methane-based aridity? 5.7 Venus: extreme aridity. 5.8 Future
Directions. II Surface processes and characteristics. 6 Weathering systems
(Heather A. Viles). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 What makes arid environments
unusual in terms of weathering systems? 6.3 Theoretical underpinnings of
weathering systems research. 6.4 Current weathering study methods. 6.5
Linking processes to form in arid weathering systems. 6.6 Explaining the
development of weathering landforms in arid environments. 6.7 Weathering
rates in arid environments. 6.8 Arid weathering and landscape evolution.
6.9 Scale and arid weathering systems. 7 Desert soils (David L. Dunkerley).
7.1 Introduction: the nature and significance of desert soils. 7.2 Taxonomy
of desert soils. 7.3 Some distinctive aspects of desert soil development.
7.4 Stone-mantled surfaces and desert pavements. 7.5 Inorganic seals at the
soil surface. 7.6 Vesicular soil structures. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Desert
crusts and rock coatings (David J. Nash). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sodium
nitrate deposits. 8.3 Halite crusts. 8.4 Gypsum crusts. 8.5 Calcrete. 8.6
Silcrete. 8.7 Desert rock coatings. 8.8 Palaeoenvironmental significance of
crusts. 9 Pavements and stone mantles (Julie E. Laity). 9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Surface types: hamadas and stony surfaces. 9.3 General theories
concerning stony surface formation. 9.4 Stone pavement characteristics. 9.5
Processes of pavement formation. 9.6 Processes of clast size reduction in
pavements. 9.7 Secondary characteristics of pavement surfaces and regional
differences in pavement formation. 9.8 Secondary modifications to pavement
surfaces. 9.9 Ecohydrology of pavement surfaces. 9.10 Relative and absolute
dating of geomorphic surfaces based on pavement development. 9.11
Conclusions. 10 Slope systems (John Wainwright and Richard E. Brazier).
10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Badlands. 10.3 Rock slopes. 10.4 Conclusion. III
The work of water. 11 Runoff generation, overland flow and erosion on
hillslopes (John Wainwright and Louise J. Bracken). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2
Infiltration processes. 11.3 Factors affecting infiltration. 11.4 Runoff
generation. 11.5 Erosion processes on hillslopes. 11.6 Conclusions. 12
Distinctiveness and diversity of arid zone river systems (Stephen Tooth and
Gerald C. Nanson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Distinctiveness of dryland
rivers. 12.3 Diversity of dryland rivers. 12.4 Reassessing distinctiveness
and diversity. 12.5 Conclusions. 13 Channel form, flows and sediments of
endogenous ephemeral rivers in deserts (Ian Reid and Lynne E. Frostick).
13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rainfall and river discharge. 13.3 Ephemeral river
channel geometry. 13.4 Fluvial sediment transport. 13.5 Desert river
deposits. 13.6 Conclusions. 14 Dryland alluvial fans (Adrian Harvey). 14.1
Introduction: dryland alluvial fans - an overview. 14.2 Process and form on
dryland alluvial fans. 14.3 Factors controlling alluvial fan dynamics. 14.4
Alluvial fan dynamics. 14.5 Discussion: significance of dry-region alluvial
fans. 15 Pans, playas and salt lakes (Paul A. Shaw and Rob G. Bryant). 15.1
The nature and occurrence of pans, playas and salt lakes. 15.2 Pan
hydrology and hydrochemistry. 15.3 Influences of pan hydrology and
hydrochemistry on surface morphology. 15.4 Aeolian processes in pan
environments. 15.5 Pans and playas as palaeoenvironmental indicators. 16
Groundwater controls and processes (David J. Nash). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2
Groundwater processes in valley and scarp development. 16.3 Groundwater and
pan/playa development. 16.4 Groundwater and aeolian processes. IV The work
of the wind. 17 Aeolian landscapes and bedforms (David S.G. Thomas). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Aeolian bedforms: scales and relationships. 17.3 The
global distribution of sand seas. 17.4 The global distribution of loess.
17.5 Dynamic aeolian landscapes in the Quaternary period. 17.6 Conclusions.
18 Sediment mobilisation by the wind (Giles F. S. Wiggs). 18.1
Introduction. 18.2 The nature of windflow in deserts.ess elements on
velocity profiles. 18.3 Sediment in air. 18.4 Determining the threshold of
grain entrainment. 18.5 Surface modifications to entrainment thresholds and
transport flux. 18.6 Modes of sediment transport. 18.7 Ripples. 18.8
Prediction and measurement of sediment flux. 18.9 The role of turbulence in
aeolian sediment transport. 18.10 Conclusions. 19 Desert dune processes and
dynamics (Nick Lancaster). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Desert dune morphology.
19.3 Dune types and environments. 19.4 Airflow over dunes. 19.5 Dune
dynamics. 19.6 Dune development. 19.7 Controls of dune morphology. 19.8
Dune patterns. 19.9 Conclusions. 20 Desert dust (Richard Washington and
Giles S. F. Wiggs). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Key source areas. 20.3 Temporal
changes in dust. 20.4 Future climate change. 20.5 Conclusions. 21 Wind
erosion in drylands (Julie E. Laity). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 The physical
setting: conditions for wind erosion. 21.3 Conclusions. V Living with
dryland geomorphology. 22 The human impact (Nick Middleton). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Human impacts on soils. 22.3 Human impacts on sand
dunes. 22.4 Human impacts on rivers. 22.5 Cause and effect: the arroyo
debate continues. 22.6 Conclusions. 23 Geomorphological hazards in drylands
(Giles F. S. Wiggs). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Aeolian hazards. 23.3 The
aeolian dust hazard. 23.4 Agricultural wind erosion. 23.5 Drainage of
inland water bodies. 23.6 Fluvial hazards. 23.7 Conclusions. 24 Future
climate change and arid zone geomorphology (Richard Washington and David S.
G. Thomas). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Climate change projections: basis and
uncertainties. 24.3 Overview of global climate change projections in the
context of arid zones. 24.3.1 Methods of establishing climate change
impacts in arid zones. 24.4 Climate change and dunes. 24.5 Climate change
and dust. 24.6 Climate change and fluvial systems. 24.7 Conclusions. Index.