Jeffrey S Lantis

Arms and Influence

U.S. Technology Innovations and the Evolution of International Security Norms

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor of Political Science at The College of Wooster.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Stanford University Press
• Seitenzahl: 280
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. Juli 2016
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 156mm x 22mm
• Gewicht: 522g
• ISBN-13: 9780804793230
• ISBN-10: 0804793239
• Artikelnr.: 45001362

Autorenporträt

Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor of Political Science at The College of Wooster.

Inhaltsangabe

Contents and Abstracts
1Introduction
chapter abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the book and the complex
relationship between technology, policy-making, and international norms. It
describes the basic contours of the theoretical model and case studies. It
presents a brief survey of constructivist international relations theory,
social construction of technology theory, and relevant foreign policy
analysis models. It also previews how technology innovations may be linked
to fundamental norm changes over time-especially how modern technological
innovations have fostered fascinating and complex debates about the
boundaries of international norms and legitimate standards of behavior.
2Theorizing Norm Change
chapter abstract
This chapter establishes theoretical foundations for a new model of norm
change. It surveys scholarly advances in first- and second-generation
constructivism, and related insights from sociology and international law,
that support a dynamic model of norm development. It presents a new,
three-stage model of elite-driven change focused on technology innovations
and the recognition of "techno-normative dilemmas," redefinition of
commitments in the domestic political arena, and contestation and
constructive norm substitution in multilateral settings. This chapter also
outlines the research design and methodology for the study, including the
potential for variable levels of success for strategies of norm change.
3The Atom Bomb: Constructing a Nuclear Order
chapter abstract
This chapter explores the process of scientific discovery and advancement
that contributed to the Manhattan Project, as well as the political
implications of this dramatic innovation. While President Truman initially
backed plans for the creation of a multilateral commission to control, and
perhaps even eliminate, nuclear weapons, U.S. policies evolved
significantly in the face of changing circumstances over the next two
decades. The nuclear nonproliferation norm that eventually emerged from a
process of contestation was multifaceted and discriminatory. This case
study adopts the three-stage model of norm change to explore the
construction of the modern nuclear nonproliferation norm, with an emphasis
on its subjective and dynamic character.
4Atoms for Peace? New Nuclear Technology Export Controls
chapter abstract
This chapter explores how the global nuclear nonproliferation order
established during the Cold War failed to prevent the spread of nuclear
weapons. In the face of new evidence that countries were diverting
sensitive technologies, including centrifuges for gaseous diffusion uranium
enrichment, and reprocessing, to develop fissile material for bombs, great
powers struggled to further tighten and refine the nonproliferation norm
over time through redefinition and constructive norm substitution. Though
the international community has made progress through institutions and
supply cartels, but assesses this norm change process as continuing to
undergo contestation. This case study clearly underscores the contested and
politicized nature of the norm change process.
5Satellites and Sovereignty: Humanitarian Intervention and the
"Responsibility to Protect"
chapter abstract
The norm of state sovereignty and non-intervention has guided the
international community for nearly 400 years. This case study explores how
new technologies such as advanced satellite reconnaissance have allowed
states and non-state actors to revisit traditional sovereignty norms in the
face of mass political violence. New capabilities that allow the world to
see and know about mass atrocities have facilitated critical diplomatic
discourses on the evolution of a new "responsibility to protect" (R2P)
humanitarian intervention norm. The chapter also explores how new,
non-state actors have become engaged in pressuring governments to respond
to mass atrocities.
6Armed UAVs and the Norm Against Assassination of Foreign Adversaries
chapter abstract
This chapter examines how the development of armed unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs, or drones) has raised critical questions about modern warfare and
the norm against assassination of foreign adversaries. It surveys
technological developments led by the United States and Israel that helped
produce modern armed drones, and then explores critical questions related
to the rapid proliferation of these systems around the world, and questions
of ethics, legality, and efficacy. The chapter examines U.S. development of
UAVs and its campaign to convince critics of the utility and legitimacy of
prudential use of this new weapons technology, while at the same time
balancing new capabilities versus interests in the awareness that
substitution of new norm frames also may increase the potential for
blowback.
7The Final Frontier? Weaponizing Space
chapter abstract
This chapter explores how space technology innovations have emboldened
states to seek dominance in a realm beyond terra firma, and to attempt to
change the normative architecture to legitimize their actions. The
superpowers attempted to stabilize the Cold War "space race" through the
1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space, but subsequent advances in space-based
platforms and anti-satellite technologies suggested the United States might
seek space dominance. The chapter also outlines have the past decade has
seen the low-technology threat of space debris become a catalyst for
changes in great power policies, with the potential for completion of an
International Code of Conduct for space.
8Conclusion
chapter abstract
This chapter presents a detailed analysis and comparison of case study
evidence in order to determine patterns in the top-down pathway of norm
change that infuses greater agency into the constructivist model. This
study has clearly shown that significant norm dynamics may occur beyond the
final stage of the traditional norm life-cycle model, but suggests mixed
results in the process of norm change. In some instances, such as the cases
of the development of the discriminatory nonproliferation regime and
targeted killing of foreign adversaries by unmanned aerial vehicle, U.S.
leaders have achieved some success. However, in other cases, such as
attempts to regulate sensitive nuclear technology exports or develop an
international code of conduct for outer space, the responsibility to
protect, and scientific innovations and attempts to exploit them have
fostered contestation of the norm and ongoing debate about legitimacy of
new frames and bandwagoning behavior.