Assessing toxicity of Upconversion nanoparticles
Mohamed A. Shahba
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Assessing toxicity of Upconversion nanoparticles

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Upconversion (UCNPs) is a non-linear anti-Stokes technique for transforming two or more low-energy stimulation photons, most often NIR light, into some kind of higher-energy photon (e.g., NIR, visible, ultraviolet). It utilizes the long-life time and real ladder-like energy levels of trivalent lanthanide ions doped with inorganic host particle. Of these inorganic host particles, Chlorophyll types differ from other photosensitizers (PSs) in a number of ways. Furthermore, the wavelength acceptable for chlorophyll kinds was longer than the wavelength suited for hematoporphyrin types. Because UCNP...