Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is a structured textbook for university engineering courses in biomedical ultrasound and for researchers in the field. This book offers a tool for building a solid understanding of biomedical ultrasound, and leads the novice through the field in a step-by-step manner. The book begins with the most basic definitions of waves, proceeds to ultrasounds in fluids, and then delves into solid ultrasounds, the most complicated kind of ultrasound. It encompasses a wide range of topics within biomedical ultrasound, from conceptual definitions of waves to the…mehr
Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is a structured textbook for university engineering courses in biomedical ultrasound and for researchers in the field. This book offers a tool for building a solid understanding of biomedical ultrasound, and leads the novice through the field in a step-by-step manner. The book begins with the most basic definitions of waves, proceeds to ultrasounds in fluids, and then delves into solid ultrasounds, the most complicated kind of ultrasound. It encompasses a wide range of topics within biomedical ultrasound, from conceptual definitions of waves to the intricacies of focusing devices, transducers, and acoustic fields.
HAIM AZHARI, DSc, conducts research in medical imaging, including the application of ultrasound and MRI in medical imaging, image tomographic reconstruction, image processing, and information extraction from medical images. Professor Azhari received his doctorate in biomedical engineering from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in 1987. From 1987 to 1990, he was on the staff of the Technion Department of Biomedical Engineering in a postdoctoral position. Azhari then received a double appointment as an International Research Fellow in both the Department of Radiology and the Division of Cardiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. Upon his return to Israel in 1992, he joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Technion-IIT as a staff member, where he is currently an associate professor. From 1999-2000, Azhari was at Harvard Medical School in the Beth-Israel Radiology Department.
Inhaltsangabe
PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. INTRODUCTION. Prelude and Basic Defi nitions. The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine. A General Statement on Safety. Some Common Applications of Ultrasound. What Is It that We Need to Know? References. 1 WAVES--A GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 1.1 General Defi nitions of Waves--A Qualitative Description. 1.2 General Properties of Waves--A Qualitative Description. 1.3 Mechanical One-Dimensional Waves. 1.4 The Wave Function. 1.5 The Wave Equation. 1.6 Harmonic Waves. 1.6.1 Equivalent Presentations. 1.7 Group Waves. 1.8 Wave Velocity. 1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description). 1.10 Spherical Waves. 1.11 Cylindrical Waves. 1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium. 2 WAVES IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM. 2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String. 2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String. 2.3 Wave Refl ection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium. 2.4 Special Cases. 2.5 Wave Energy in Strings. 2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String. 2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String. 3 ULTRASONIC WAVES IN FLUIDS. 3.1 Waves in Fluids. 3.2 Compressibility. 3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids. 3.4 The Wave Energy. 3.5 Intensity. 3.6 Radiation Pressure. 3.7 A Perfect Reflector. 4 PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES IN SOLID MATERIALS. 4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids. 4.2 The Elastic Strain. 4.3 Stress. 4.4 Hooke's Law and Elastic Coefficients. 4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material. 4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material. 5 ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION. 5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon. 5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model. 5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency. 5.4 The Complex Wave Number. 5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion. 5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A. 6 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION. 6.1 The Acoustic Impedance. 6.2 Snell's Law. 6.3 Refl ection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves). 6.4 Refl ection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion). 6.5 Refl ection and Transmission from a Liquid- Solid Boundary. 7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS. 7.1 Optics. 7.2 Optics and Acoustics. 7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens. 7.4 Spherical Lenses. 7.5 Zone Lenses. 7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors). 8 TRANSDUCERS AND ACOUSTIC FIELDS. 8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers. 8.2 The Acoustic Field. 8.3 The Field of a Point Source. 8.4 The Field of a Disc Source. 8.5 The Field of Various Transducers. 8.6 Phased-Array Transducers. 8.7 Annular Phased Arrays. 9 ULTRASONIC IMAGING USING THE PULSE-ECHO TECHNIQUE. 9.1 Basic Defi nitions in Imaging. 9.2 The "A-Line". 9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues. 9.4 Time Gain Compensation. 9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan). 9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging. 10 SPECIAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES. 10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging--Impediography. 10.2 Elastography. 10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking. 10.4 Through-Transmission Imaging. 10.5 Vibro-acoustic Imaging. 10.6 Time Reversal. 10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography. 10.8 Contrast Materials. 10.9 Coded Excitations. References. 11 DOPPLER IMAGING TECHNIQUES. 11.1 The Doppler Effect. 11.2 Velocity Estimation. 11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation. 11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping). References. 12 SAFETY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. 12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety. 12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy. 12.3 Lithotripsy. 12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation. 12.5 Drug Delivery. 12.6 Gene Therapy. 12.7 Cosmetic Applications. APPENDIX A: TYPICAL ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF TISSUES. APPENDIX B: EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS. APPENDIX C: ANSWERS TO EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS. INDEX.
PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. INTRODUCTION. Prelude and Basic Defi nitions. The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine. A General Statement on Safety. Some Common Applications of Ultrasound. What Is It that We Need to Know? References. 1 WAVES--A GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 1.1 General Defi nitions of Waves--A Qualitative Description. 1.2 General Properties of Waves--A Qualitative Description. 1.3 Mechanical One-Dimensional Waves. 1.4 The Wave Function. 1.5 The Wave Equation. 1.6 Harmonic Waves. 1.6.1 Equivalent Presentations. 1.7 Group Waves. 1.8 Wave Velocity. 1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description). 1.10 Spherical Waves. 1.11 Cylindrical Waves. 1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium. 2 WAVES IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM. 2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String. 2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String. 2.3 Wave Refl ection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium. 2.4 Special Cases. 2.5 Wave Energy in Strings. 2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String. 2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String. 3 ULTRASONIC WAVES IN FLUIDS. 3.1 Waves in Fluids. 3.2 Compressibility. 3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids. 3.4 The Wave Energy. 3.5 Intensity. 3.6 Radiation Pressure. 3.7 A Perfect Reflector. 4 PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES IN SOLID MATERIALS. 4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids. 4.2 The Elastic Strain. 4.3 Stress. 4.4 Hooke's Law and Elastic Coefficients. 4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material. 4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material. 5 ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION. 5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon. 5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model. 5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency. 5.4 The Complex Wave Number. 5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion. 5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A. 6 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION. 6.1 The Acoustic Impedance. 6.2 Snell's Law. 6.3 Refl ection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves). 6.4 Refl ection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion). 6.5 Refl ection and Transmission from a Liquid- Solid Boundary. 7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS. 7.1 Optics. 7.2 Optics and Acoustics. 7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens. 7.4 Spherical Lenses. 7.5 Zone Lenses. 7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors). 8 TRANSDUCERS AND ACOUSTIC FIELDS. 8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers. 8.2 The Acoustic Field. 8.3 The Field of a Point Source. 8.4 The Field of a Disc Source. 8.5 The Field of Various Transducers. 8.6 Phased-Array Transducers. 8.7 Annular Phased Arrays. 9 ULTRASONIC IMAGING USING THE PULSE-ECHO TECHNIQUE. 9.1 Basic Defi nitions in Imaging. 9.2 The "A-Line". 9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues. 9.4 Time Gain Compensation. 9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan). 9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging. 10 SPECIAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES. 10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging--Impediography. 10.2 Elastography. 10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking. 10.4 Through-Transmission Imaging. 10.5 Vibro-acoustic Imaging. 10.6 Time Reversal. 10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography. 10.8 Contrast Materials. 10.9 Coded Excitations. References. 11 DOPPLER IMAGING TECHNIQUES. 11.1 The Doppler Effect. 11.2 Velocity Estimation. 11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation. 11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping). References. 12 SAFETY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. 12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety. 12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy. 12.3 Lithotripsy. 12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation. 12.5 Drug Delivery. 12.6 Gene Therapy. 12.7 Cosmetic Applications. APPENDIX A: TYPICAL ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF TISSUES. APPENDIX B: EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS. APPENDIX C: ANSWERS TO EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS. INDEX.
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