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Iran is home to the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, outside of Israel. At its peak in the twentieth century, the population numbered around 100,000; today about 25,000 Jews live in Iran. Between Iran and Zion offers the first history of this vibrant community over the course of the last century, from the 1905 Constitutional Revolution through the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Over this period, Iranian Jews grew from a peripheral community into a prominent one that has made clear impacts on daily life in Iran. Drawing on interviews, newspapers, family stories, autobiographies, and…mehr
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Iran is home to the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, outside of Israel. At its peak in the twentieth century, the population numbered around 100,000; today about 25,000 Jews live in Iran. Between Iran and Zion offers the first history of this vibrant community over the course of the last century, from the 1905 Constitutional Revolution through the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Over this period, Iranian Jews grew from a peripheral community into a prominent one that has made clear impacts on daily life in Iran. Drawing on interviews, newspapers, family stories, autobiographies, and previously untapped archives, Lior B. Sternfeld analyzes how Iranian Jews contributed to Iranian nation-building projects, first under the Pahlavi monarchs and then in the post-revolutionary Islamic Republic. He considers the shifting reactions to Zionism over time, in particular to religious Zionism in the early 1900s and political Zionism after the creation of the state of Israel. And he investigates the various groups that constituted the Iranian Jewish community, notably the Jewish communists who became prominent activists in the left-wing circles in the 1950s and the revolutionary Jewish organization that participated in the 1979 Revolution. The result is a rich account of the vital role of Jews in the social and political fabric of twentieth-century Iran.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Stanford University Press
- Seitenzahl: 208
- Erscheinungstermin: 3. März 2020
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 228mm x 151mm x 17mm
- Gewicht: 326g
- ISBN-13: 9781503613638
- ISBN-10: 1503613631
- Artikelnr.: 58296375
- Verlag: Stanford University Press
- Seitenzahl: 208
- Erscheinungstermin: 3. März 2020
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 228mm x 151mm x 17mm
- Gewicht: 326g
- ISBN-13: 9781503613638
- ISBN-10: 1503613631
- Artikelnr.: 58296375
Lior B. Sternfeld is Assistant Professor of History and Jewish Studies at Penn State.
Contents and Abstracts
Introduction
chapter abstract
The introduction sets the background for the situation of the Jews in Iran
at the turn of the twentieth century. This initial chapter provides a brief
history of Jews in Iran and in the Middle East and touches on the creation
of transnational networks that became increasingly important in the
twentieth century. It seeks to introduce and contextualize for the reader
Iran's Jewish community and the manner in which it has been addressed in
past works. It provides an overview of the political, social, and cultural
changes the community experienced, including the implementation of a
constitution, urbanization, and a different perception of the "nation" in
terms of postimperial identity and structure.
1Shifting Demographics: The Arrival of Ashkenazi and Iraqi Jews
chapter abstract
Chapter 1 explores ways that the Jewish community became more diverse
following World War II. It examines the sociological and demographic
transformations that the Jewish population experienced during the war. This
chapter argues that the 1941 invasion of Iran by Allied forces and the
subsequent collapse of the rigid state structure facilitated social
mobility and redefinition. At the same time, a wave of Iraqi Jews arrived
in Iran and added another layer of identity to the growing Jewish
population. This chapter also debunks the traditional portrayal of Iran as
passive in the war historiography, where it is usually examined in an
insufficiently complex or nuanced way, and analyzes the ways in which the
war and its aftermath shaped Iran. Contrary to the traditional
historiography's stagnant or, rather, declining analysis of Iranian Jewry,
the Jewish population in Iran witnessed a golden age in terms of becoming
Iranian citizens.
2The Iranian Political Sphere: Shaping a National Identity
chapter abstract
Chapter 2 examines the politicization of Jews in Iran during World War II
and through the early 1950s. Traditional historiography distances Jews from
politics in Iran. When mentioned at all, Jewish political activity usually
references support of the Shah, especially in relation to his close
alliance with Israel. However, this chapter argues that political activism
became a means for Iranian Jews to impact their future role and
sociopolitical position in Iran. Many Jews were adamant supporters and
members of the Tudeh, the Iranian Communist Party, and later engaged in
many other political initiatives (such as student movements and
intellectual associations). The Tudeh was the most vocal opponent of
fascism in the 1940s and arguably the most popular political force in Iran.
The Tudeh's enduring defense of the Jewish community, combined with its
message of equality, attracted many young Jews from the Iranian middle and
lower middle classes.
3Iranian Jews and Israel: From Indigenous to State-Sponsored Zionism
chapter abstract
This chapter examines the roots and effects of Zionism in Iran. It analyzes
Zionism first as an indigenous movement that emerged in Iran as a response
to the needs of Iranian Jews (with relation to the global movement of
Zionism) and transformed itself as the needs of Iranian Jews changed in the
course of the century. After 1948 and the establishment of Israel, Zionism
could no longer be taken as a local movement alone. The contact with Israel
and Israeli emissaries and the impact of state-sponsored Zionist activities
ignited a new set of emotions and means of identification with or
antagonism to Zionism, and a range of reactions in between. This chapter
examines the way Israel dealt with the case of Iranian Jews, which was
atypical compared with other Middle Eastern communities. In addition, this
chapter examines the responses to Zionism among the non-Jewish intellectual
elites in Iran.
4Unintended Consequences: The Lead-Up to the Iranian Revolution
chapter abstract
The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was
evident in the decade leading up to the revolution-when the Jewish
community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties
and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores
the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and
discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that
Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the
Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah's overthrow
through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the
Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era,
Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland
(Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to
deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that
characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
This concluding chapter shows that the trajectory of the Jews of Iran from
the early twentieth century led them ultimately to integration into each of
the nation-building projects of that era.
Introduction
chapter abstract
The introduction sets the background for the situation of the Jews in Iran
at the turn of the twentieth century. This initial chapter provides a brief
history of Jews in Iran and in the Middle East and touches on the creation
of transnational networks that became increasingly important in the
twentieth century. It seeks to introduce and contextualize for the reader
Iran's Jewish community and the manner in which it has been addressed in
past works. It provides an overview of the political, social, and cultural
changes the community experienced, including the implementation of a
constitution, urbanization, and a different perception of the "nation" in
terms of postimperial identity and structure.
1Shifting Demographics: The Arrival of Ashkenazi and Iraqi Jews
chapter abstract
Chapter 1 explores ways that the Jewish community became more diverse
following World War II. It examines the sociological and demographic
transformations that the Jewish population experienced during the war. This
chapter argues that the 1941 invasion of Iran by Allied forces and the
subsequent collapse of the rigid state structure facilitated social
mobility and redefinition. At the same time, a wave of Iraqi Jews arrived
in Iran and added another layer of identity to the growing Jewish
population. This chapter also debunks the traditional portrayal of Iran as
passive in the war historiography, where it is usually examined in an
insufficiently complex or nuanced way, and analyzes the ways in which the
war and its aftermath shaped Iran. Contrary to the traditional
historiography's stagnant or, rather, declining analysis of Iranian Jewry,
the Jewish population in Iran witnessed a golden age in terms of becoming
Iranian citizens.
2The Iranian Political Sphere: Shaping a National Identity
chapter abstract
Chapter 2 examines the politicization of Jews in Iran during World War II
and through the early 1950s. Traditional historiography distances Jews from
politics in Iran. When mentioned at all, Jewish political activity usually
references support of the Shah, especially in relation to his close
alliance with Israel. However, this chapter argues that political activism
became a means for Iranian Jews to impact their future role and
sociopolitical position in Iran. Many Jews were adamant supporters and
members of the Tudeh, the Iranian Communist Party, and later engaged in
many other political initiatives (such as student movements and
intellectual associations). The Tudeh was the most vocal opponent of
fascism in the 1940s and arguably the most popular political force in Iran.
The Tudeh's enduring defense of the Jewish community, combined with its
message of equality, attracted many young Jews from the Iranian middle and
lower middle classes.
3Iranian Jews and Israel: From Indigenous to State-Sponsored Zionism
chapter abstract
This chapter examines the roots and effects of Zionism in Iran. It analyzes
Zionism first as an indigenous movement that emerged in Iran as a response
to the needs of Iranian Jews (with relation to the global movement of
Zionism) and transformed itself as the needs of Iranian Jews changed in the
course of the century. After 1948 and the establishment of Israel, Zionism
could no longer be taken as a local movement alone. The contact with Israel
and Israeli emissaries and the impact of state-sponsored Zionist activities
ignited a new set of emotions and means of identification with or
antagonism to Zionism, and a range of reactions in between. This chapter
examines the way Israel dealt with the case of Iranian Jews, which was
atypical compared with other Middle Eastern communities. In addition, this
chapter examines the responses to Zionism among the non-Jewish intellectual
elites in Iran.
4Unintended Consequences: The Lead-Up to the Iranian Revolution
chapter abstract
The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was
evident in the decade leading up to the revolution-when the Jewish
community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties
and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores
the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and
discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that
Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the
Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah's overthrow
through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the
Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era,
Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland
(Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to
deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that
characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
This concluding chapter shows that the trajectory of the Jews of Iran from
the early twentieth century led them ultimately to integration into each of
the nation-building projects of that era.
Contents and Abstracts
Introduction
chapter abstract
The introduction sets the background for the situation of the Jews in Iran
at the turn of the twentieth century. This initial chapter provides a brief
history of Jews in Iran and in the Middle East and touches on the creation
of transnational networks that became increasingly important in the
twentieth century. It seeks to introduce and contextualize for the reader
Iran's Jewish community and the manner in which it has been addressed in
past works. It provides an overview of the political, social, and cultural
changes the community experienced, including the implementation of a
constitution, urbanization, and a different perception of the "nation" in
terms of postimperial identity and structure.
1Shifting Demographics: The Arrival of Ashkenazi and Iraqi Jews
chapter abstract
Chapter 1 explores ways that the Jewish community became more diverse
following World War II. It examines the sociological and demographic
transformations that the Jewish population experienced during the war. This
chapter argues that the 1941 invasion of Iran by Allied forces and the
subsequent collapse of the rigid state structure facilitated social
mobility and redefinition. At the same time, a wave of Iraqi Jews arrived
in Iran and added another layer of identity to the growing Jewish
population. This chapter also debunks the traditional portrayal of Iran as
passive in the war historiography, where it is usually examined in an
insufficiently complex or nuanced way, and analyzes the ways in which the
war and its aftermath shaped Iran. Contrary to the traditional
historiography's stagnant or, rather, declining analysis of Iranian Jewry,
the Jewish population in Iran witnessed a golden age in terms of becoming
Iranian citizens.
2The Iranian Political Sphere: Shaping a National Identity
chapter abstract
Chapter 2 examines the politicization of Jews in Iran during World War II
and through the early 1950s. Traditional historiography distances Jews from
politics in Iran. When mentioned at all, Jewish political activity usually
references support of the Shah, especially in relation to his close
alliance with Israel. However, this chapter argues that political activism
became a means for Iranian Jews to impact their future role and
sociopolitical position in Iran. Many Jews were adamant supporters and
members of the Tudeh, the Iranian Communist Party, and later engaged in
many other political initiatives (such as student movements and
intellectual associations). The Tudeh was the most vocal opponent of
fascism in the 1940s and arguably the most popular political force in Iran.
The Tudeh's enduring defense of the Jewish community, combined with its
message of equality, attracted many young Jews from the Iranian middle and
lower middle classes.
3Iranian Jews and Israel: From Indigenous to State-Sponsored Zionism
chapter abstract
This chapter examines the roots and effects of Zionism in Iran. It analyzes
Zionism first as an indigenous movement that emerged in Iran as a response
to the needs of Iranian Jews (with relation to the global movement of
Zionism) and transformed itself as the needs of Iranian Jews changed in the
course of the century. After 1948 and the establishment of Israel, Zionism
could no longer be taken as a local movement alone. The contact with Israel
and Israeli emissaries and the impact of state-sponsored Zionist activities
ignited a new set of emotions and means of identification with or
antagonism to Zionism, and a range of reactions in between. This chapter
examines the way Israel dealt with the case of Iranian Jews, which was
atypical compared with other Middle Eastern communities. In addition, this
chapter examines the responses to Zionism among the non-Jewish intellectual
elites in Iran.
4Unintended Consequences: The Lead-Up to the Iranian Revolution
chapter abstract
The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was
evident in the decade leading up to the revolution-when the Jewish
community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties
and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores
the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and
discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that
Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the
Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah's overthrow
through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the
Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era,
Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland
(Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to
deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that
characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
This concluding chapter shows that the trajectory of the Jews of Iran from
the early twentieth century led them ultimately to integration into each of
the nation-building projects of that era.
Introduction
chapter abstract
The introduction sets the background for the situation of the Jews in Iran
at the turn of the twentieth century. This initial chapter provides a brief
history of Jews in Iran and in the Middle East and touches on the creation
of transnational networks that became increasingly important in the
twentieth century. It seeks to introduce and contextualize for the reader
Iran's Jewish community and the manner in which it has been addressed in
past works. It provides an overview of the political, social, and cultural
changes the community experienced, including the implementation of a
constitution, urbanization, and a different perception of the "nation" in
terms of postimperial identity and structure.
1Shifting Demographics: The Arrival of Ashkenazi and Iraqi Jews
chapter abstract
Chapter 1 explores ways that the Jewish community became more diverse
following World War II. It examines the sociological and demographic
transformations that the Jewish population experienced during the war. This
chapter argues that the 1941 invasion of Iran by Allied forces and the
subsequent collapse of the rigid state structure facilitated social
mobility and redefinition. At the same time, a wave of Iraqi Jews arrived
in Iran and added another layer of identity to the growing Jewish
population. This chapter also debunks the traditional portrayal of Iran as
passive in the war historiography, where it is usually examined in an
insufficiently complex or nuanced way, and analyzes the ways in which the
war and its aftermath shaped Iran. Contrary to the traditional
historiography's stagnant or, rather, declining analysis of Iranian Jewry,
the Jewish population in Iran witnessed a golden age in terms of becoming
Iranian citizens.
2The Iranian Political Sphere: Shaping a National Identity
chapter abstract
Chapter 2 examines the politicization of Jews in Iran during World War II
and through the early 1950s. Traditional historiography distances Jews from
politics in Iran. When mentioned at all, Jewish political activity usually
references support of the Shah, especially in relation to his close
alliance with Israel. However, this chapter argues that political activism
became a means for Iranian Jews to impact their future role and
sociopolitical position in Iran. Many Jews were adamant supporters and
members of the Tudeh, the Iranian Communist Party, and later engaged in
many other political initiatives (such as student movements and
intellectual associations). The Tudeh was the most vocal opponent of
fascism in the 1940s and arguably the most popular political force in Iran.
The Tudeh's enduring defense of the Jewish community, combined with its
message of equality, attracted many young Jews from the Iranian middle and
lower middle classes.
3Iranian Jews and Israel: From Indigenous to State-Sponsored Zionism
chapter abstract
This chapter examines the roots and effects of Zionism in Iran. It analyzes
Zionism first as an indigenous movement that emerged in Iran as a response
to the needs of Iranian Jews (with relation to the global movement of
Zionism) and transformed itself as the needs of Iranian Jews changed in the
course of the century. After 1948 and the establishment of Israel, Zionism
could no longer be taken as a local movement alone. The contact with Israel
and Israeli emissaries and the impact of state-sponsored Zionist activities
ignited a new set of emotions and means of identification with or
antagonism to Zionism, and a range of reactions in between. This chapter
examines the way Israel dealt with the case of Iranian Jews, which was
atypical compared with other Middle Eastern communities. In addition, this
chapter examines the responses to Zionism among the non-Jewish intellectual
elites in Iran.
4Unintended Consequences: The Lead-Up to the Iranian Revolution
chapter abstract
The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was
evident in the decade leading up to the revolution-when the Jewish
community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties
and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores
the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and
discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that
Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the
Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah's overthrow
through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the
Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era,
Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland
(Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to
deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that
characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
This concluding chapter shows that the trajectory of the Jews of Iran from
the early twentieth century led them ultimately to integration into each of
the nation-building projects of that era.