For centuries we have known that fruit is important for health, but we are only just beginning to fully understand why. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods aims to summarise some of our current knowledge on the bioactive compounds that are associated with the health benefits of specific fruits with a strong emphasis on the validation of health benefits by human intervention trials. Reflecting the current interest in food and health, the book includes strategies to retain and enhance the bioactives in fruit through breeding, growing conditions, fruit storage, processing…mehr
For centuries we have known that fruit is important for health, but we are only just beginning to fully understand why. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods aims to summarise some of our current knowledge on the bioactive compounds that are associated with the health benefits of specific fruits with a strong emphasis on the validation of health benefits by human intervention trials. Reflecting the current interest in food and health, the book includes strategies to retain and enhance the bioactives in fruit through breeding, growing conditions, fruit storage, processing into ingredients and production of functional foods.
To accomplish this task authors with expertise in biology, chemistry, pharmacology, food science, nutrition, medicine, and horticulture have contributed. They come from universities, government and industry funded research institutes and biotechnology and food companies in Europe, the United States, Asia and New Zealand to give the book a broad perspective.
This book, describing fruit bioactives, their health benefits when consumed as a food and related topics regarding their development into fresh or processed functional foods, will be of use to postgraduate students, researchers, functional food product developers, food regulators and anyone who has curiosity about why fruit is good for you. The information contained within will provide plant breeders with new targets for the development of value-added horticultural products, and will also provide nutritionists and dieticians with a useful resource for developing strategies to assist in preventing or slowing disease onset or severity. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods is a major resource which will be required reading for anyone working in the fields of health and functional foods.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Margot Skinner is a Professor in Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences and Institute of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Denise Hunter is a Research Scientist in Food Innovation at Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributors xv Preface xxi 1 Introduction to the Major Classes of Bioactives Present in Fruit 1 Anusooya Gnanavinthan Bioactives 1 Classification of plant-derived bioctives 1 Bioactives in fruits 12 Conclusion 14 References 14 2 Fibre in Fruit 19 Bronwen G. Smith Introduction 19 Dietary fibre 19 Fruit 20 Plant tissues and types of cell walls 20 Cell wall polysaccharides 21 Effects of cooking or processing on cell wall composition 25 Health benefits 26 Future considerations for health functionality 27 References 28 3 Bioavailability of Antioxidant Compounds from Fruits 35 Iris F.F. Benzie and Sissi Wachtel-Galor Introduction 35 Antioxidants in fruits 36 Factors that affect antioxidant response to ingestion of fruit: 'apparent' and 'real' bioavailability 42 Getting to the end: a note on colonic metabolites 51 Finally, increasing bioavailability of antioxidants: can it and should it be done? 51 Conclusions 53 Acknowledgements 54 Declaration of interest 54 References 54 4 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Functional Foods with Medicines 59 Shizuo Yamada, Yuko Taki, Shingen Misaka, Takashi Okura, Yoshiharu Deguchi, Keizo Umegaki, Hiroshi Watanabe, Yasuo Watanabe and Margot Skinner Introduction 59 Fruits 60 Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) 63 Green Tea 68 Saw palmetto extract (SPE) 72 Conclusions 73 Acknowledgements 74 References 74 5 Health Properties of Apple and Pear 81 Richard Espley and Stefan Martens Introduction 81 The origin of apples 81 Domestication of apples 82 Apple production 82 Major classes of apple bioactives 82 Biosynthesis and genetic regulation of apple bioactives 86 Apple and human health 88 Storage and processing 93 Strategies to improve the bioactive content of apples 93 Conclusions 94 References 94 6 Orange and Grapefruit Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits and Other Attributes 101 Paul F. Cancalon Introduction 101 Composition of citrus 102 Bioavailability and metabolization of citrus phytochemicals 102 Citrus and specific ailments 103 Attributes of citrus having raised disproportionate concerns 111 Conclusions 116 References 117 7 Health Benefits from Pomegranates and Stone Fruit, Including Plums, Peaches, Apricots and Cherries 125 Francisco A. Tom as-Barber an, David Ruiz, Daniel Valero, Diego Rivera,Conchita Ob on, Catalina S anchez-Roca and Mar a I. Gil Introduction 125 The origin, diversity and traditional uses of the pomegranate (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) 125 The origin, diversity and traditional uses of the stone fruits (PRUNUS L.) 126 Phytochemical composition 128 Effect of processing and storage on pomegranate and stone fruit bioactives 138 Health effects of pomegranates 149 Health effects of stone fruit 151 Conclusion 158 References 159 8 The Potential Health Benefits of the Subtropical Fruits Kiwifruit, Feijoa and Tamarillo 169 Stephen J.M. Skinner, Denise Hunter, Suengmok Cho and Margot Skinner Introduction 169 Kiwifruit 169 Feijoa 182 Tamarillo 186 Conclusion 187 References 188 9 Effect of Health-promoting Properties of Grapes, Including Resveratrol 197 Susan S. Percival and Robin L. West Introduction 197 Bioavailability and metabolic fate of compounds 198 Heart health benefits and potential mechanisms of action 200 Immunity 205 Cancer 206 Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes 207 Cognition 208 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgements 211 References 211 10 Potential Health Benefits of Blackcurrants 215 Rosalind Miller, Sophie Putnam, Michael Edwards, Gary Woodward and Colin Kay Introduction 215 Bioactivity of anthocyanins and metabolites 224 Future direction of research 237 List of abbreviations 237 References 238 11 Overview of the Health Properties of Blueberries 251 Carrie M. Elks, Joseph Francis, April J. Stull, William T. Cefalu, Barbara Shukitt-Hale and Donald K. Ingram Introduction 251 Bioactive components of blueberries 251 Obesity and insulin resistance 253 Type 2 diabetes mellitus 254 Cardiovascular diseases 256 Cancer 259 Longevity 261 Neuroprotection and aging 262 Gastrointestinal diseases 266 Vision 266 Conclusion 267 References 268 12 Cranberry Polyphenols in the Promotion of Urinary Tract, Cardiovascular and Emerging Health Areas 273 Kerrie L. Kaspar and Christina Khoo Introduction 273 Bioactives in cranberry 274 Health benefits of cranberry 277 Conclusion 286 References 286 Further Reading/Resources 292 13 Vegetable Fruits: A Cornucopia of Health Benefits 293 Carolyn E. Lister Introduction 293 Tomatoes 300 Capsicum 310 Other solanaceous vegetable fruits 317 Cucurbitaceae 319 Other vegetable fruits 324 Conclusions 325 References 326 Further Reading/Resources 334 14 Potential Health Benefits of Avocados 337 Donald K. Ingram, Carrie M. Elks, Gary M. Davenport and George S. Roth Introduction 337 Antioxidant properties 339 Cardiovascular and metabolic disease 339 Osteoarthritis/Bone health 341 Inflammation 343 Cancer 344 Neuroprotection 345 Wound healing 345 Aging 345 Toxicity 347 Conclusions 348 References 348 15 Cardiovascular Benefits of Olive Oil: Beyond Effects of Fat Content 353 Elena M. Yubero-Serrano, Antonio Camargo Garcia, Jose Lopez-Miranda and Francisco Perez-Jimenez Introduction 353 Factors affecting phenol compound content in VOO 355 The health effect of VOO 357 Conclusion and future perspectives 361 Acknowledgements 362 References 362 16 Cocoa, Blood Flow and the Brain 367 Crystal F. Haskell and Anthony W. Watson Introduction 367 Cultivation and extraction 367 Active components 368 Pharmacokinetics and absorption 369 Mechanism of action 371 Human intervention trials 372 Epidemiological evidence 380 Conclusions 381 References 384 17 Breeding for Enhanced Bioactives in Berry Fruit 389 Alastair Currie, Jessica Scalzo and Bruno Mezzetti Introduction 389 Breeding berry fruit for improved bioactives 392 Use of genetic engineering for improving bioactive compounds 400 Conclusions 403 References 403 18 The Influence of Pre- and Postharvest Environmental Stress on Fruit Bioactives 409 David J. Burritt Introduction 409 The main groups of fruit bioactives sensitive to environmental stressors and their associations with human health 410 The main environmental stressors that can influence the levels of bioactives in fruits 413 The influence of environmental stressors and other treatments on the levels of bioactives in some commercially important fruits 416 Xenohormesis: an ancient response with modern applications 421 References 422 19 Recovery of Valuable Bioactives from Residues Arising from Fruit Processing 429 Zaid Saleh, Reinhold Carle and Dietmar Rolf Kammerer Introduction 429 Membrane separation and filtration 432 Adsorption and ion exchange processes 444 Summary 461 Nomenclature 461 References 462 20 Stability and Bioaccessibility of Fruit Bioactives in Foods: Food Component Interactions and Matrix Effect 467 Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse Introduction 467 Key components present in fruit-based functional foods 468 Interactions between fruit bioactives and other food components in various food systems 477 Conclusion and future outlook 498 References 499 Index 509
Contributors xv Preface xxi 1 Introduction to the Major Classes of Bioactives Present in Fruit 1 Anusooya Gnanavinthan Bioactives 1 Classification of plant-derived bioctives 1 Bioactives in fruits 12 Conclusion 14 References 14 2 Fibre in Fruit 19 Bronwen G. Smith Introduction 19 Dietary fibre 19 Fruit 20 Plant tissues and types of cell walls 20 Cell wall polysaccharides 21 Effects of cooking or processing on cell wall composition 25 Health benefits 26 Future considerations for health functionality 27 References 28 3 Bioavailability of Antioxidant Compounds from Fruits 35 Iris F.F. Benzie and Sissi Wachtel-Galor Introduction 35 Antioxidants in fruits 36 Factors that affect antioxidant response to ingestion of fruit: 'apparent' and 'real' bioavailability 42 Getting to the end: a note on colonic metabolites 51 Finally, increasing bioavailability of antioxidants: can it and should it be done? 51 Conclusions 53 Acknowledgements 54 Declaration of interest 54 References 54 4 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Functional Foods with Medicines 59 Shizuo Yamada, Yuko Taki, Shingen Misaka, Takashi Okura, Yoshiharu Deguchi, Keizo Umegaki, Hiroshi Watanabe, Yasuo Watanabe and Margot Skinner Introduction 59 Fruits 60 Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) 63 Green Tea 68 Saw palmetto extract (SPE) 72 Conclusions 73 Acknowledgements 74 References 74 5 Health Properties of Apple and Pear 81 Richard Espley and Stefan Martens Introduction 81 The origin of apples 81 Domestication of apples 82 Apple production 82 Major classes of apple bioactives 82 Biosynthesis and genetic regulation of apple bioactives 86 Apple and human health 88 Storage and processing 93 Strategies to improve the bioactive content of apples 93 Conclusions 94 References 94 6 Orange and Grapefruit Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits and Other Attributes 101 Paul F. Cancalon Introduction 101 Composition of citrus 102 Bioavailability and metabolization of citrus phytochemicals 102 Citrus and specific ailments 103 Attributes of citrus having raised disproportionate concerns 111 Conclusions 116 References 117 7 Health Benefits from Pomegranates and Stone Fruit, Including Plums, Peaches, Apricots and Cherries 125 Francisco A. Tom as-Barber an, David Ruiz, Daniel Valero, Diego Rivera,Conchita Ob on, Catalina S anchez-Roca and Mar a I. Gil Introduction 125 The origin, diversity and traditional uses of the pomegranate (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) 125 The origin, diversity and traditional uses of the stone fruits (PRUNUS L.) 126 Phytochemical composition 128 Effect of processing and storage on pomegranate and stone fruit bioactives 138 Health effects of pomegranates 149 Health effects of stone fruit 151 Conclusion 158 References 159 8 The Potential Health Benefits of the Subtropical Fruits Kiwifruit, Feijoa and Tamarillo 169 Stephen J.M. Skinner, Denise Hunter, Suengmok Cho and Margot Skinner Introduction 169 Kiwifruit 169 Feijoa 182 Tamarillo 186 Conclusion 187 References 188 9 Effect of Health-promoting Properties of Grapes, Including Resveratrol 197 Susan S. Percival and Robin L. West Introduction 197 Bioavailability and metabolic fate of compounds 198 Heart health benefits and potential mechanisms of action 200 Immunity 205 Cancer 206 Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes 207 Cognition 208 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgements 211 References 211 10 Potential Health Benefits of Blackcurrants 215 Rosalind Miller, Sophie Putnam, Michael Edwards, Gary Woodward and Colin Kay Introduction 215 Bioactivity of anthocyanins and metabolites 224 Future direction of research 237 List of abbreviations 237 References 238 11 Overview of the Health Properties of Blueberries 251 Carrie M. Elks, Joseph Francis, April J. Stull, William T. Cefalu, Barbara Shukitt-Hale and Donald K. Ingram Introduction 251 Bioactive components of blueberries 251 Obesity and insulin resistance 253 Type 2 diabetes mellitus 254 Cardiovascular diseases 256 Cancer 259 Longevity 261 Neuroprotection and aging 262 Gastrointestinal diseases 266 Vision 266 Conclusion 267 References 268 12 Cranberry Polyphenols in the Promotion of Urinary Tract, Cardiovascular and Emerging Health Areas 273 Kerrie L. Kaspar and Christina Khoo Introduction 273 Bioactives in cranberry 274 Health benefits of cranberry 277 Conclusion 286 References 286 Further Reading/Resources 292 13 Vegetable Fruits: A Cornucopia of Health Benefits 293 Carolyn E. Lister Introduction 293 Tomatoes 300 Capsicum 310 Other solanaceous vegetable fruits 317 Cucurbitaceae 319 Other vegetable fruits 324 Conclusions 325 References 326 Further Reading/Resources 334 14 Potential Health Benefits of Avocados 337 Donald K. Ingram, Carrie M. Elks, Gary M. Davenport and George S. Roth Introduction 337 Antioxidant properties 339 Cardiovascular and metabolic disease 339 Osteoarthritis/Bone health 341 Inflammation 343 Cancer 344 Neuroprotection 345 Wound healing 345 Aging 345 Toxicity 347 Conclusions 348 References 348 15 Cardiovascular Benefits of Olive Oil: Beyond Effects of Fat Content 353 Elena M. Yubero-Serrano, Antonio Camargo Garcia, Jose Lopez-Miranda and Francisco Perez-Jimenez Introduction 353 Factors affecting phenol compound content in VOO 355 The health effect of VOO 357 Conclusion and future perspectives 361 Acknowledgements 362 References 362 16 Cocoa, Blood Flow and the Brain 367 Crystal F. Haskell and Anthony W. Watson Introduction 367 Cultivation and extraction 367 Active components 368 Pharmacokinetics and absorption 369 Mechanism of action 371 Human intervention trials 372 Epidemiological evidence 380 Conclusions 381 References 384 17 Breeding for Enhanced Bioactives in Berry Fruit 389 Alastair Currie, Jessica Scalzo and Bruno Mezzetti Introduction 389 Breeding berry fruit for improved bioactives 392 Use of genetic engineering for improving bioactive compounds 400 Conclusions 403 References 403 18 The Influence of Pre- and Postharvest Environmental Stress on Fruit Bioactives 409 David J. Burritt Introduction 409 The main groups of fruit bioactives sensitive to environmental stressors and their associations with human health 410 The main environmental stressors that can influence the levels of bioactives in fruits 413 The influence of environmental stressors and other treatments on the levels of bioactives in some commercially important fruits 416 Xenohormesis: an ancient response with modern applications 421 References 422 19 Recovery of Valuable Bioactives from Residues Arising from Fruit Processing 429 Zaid Saleh, Reinhold Carle and Dietmar Rolf Kammerer Introduction 429 Membrane separation and filtration 432 Adsorption and ion exchange processes 444 Summary 461 Nomenclature 461 References 462 20 Stability and Bioaccessibility of Fruit Bioactives in Foods: Food Component Interactions and Matrix Effect 467 Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse Introduction 467 Key components present in fruit-based functional foods 468 Interactions between fruit bioactives and other food components in various food systems 477 Conclusion and future outlook 498 References 499 Index 509
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