John R. Dean

Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Environmental Contaminants: Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability.

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This text focuses on the techniques used to assess the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metals and persistent organic pollutants in environmental samples. The opening chapter considers the link between human health and contaminated land. Then, the different sample preparation techniques applied to solid and liquid samples for elemental analysis are discussed - in particular, the need to destroy the matrix by heat and/or acid(s) for solid samples whereas in the case of liquids the emphasis is on pre-concentration and/or separation of metals from solution. The book continues to evaluate the different sample preparation techniques applied to solid and liquid samples for persistent organic pollutant analysis. Consideration is then focused on the different sample preparation techniques applied for single and sequential extraction of metals from soils and sediments. Chapter 5 evaluates the different sample preparation techniques for non-exhaustive extraction (cyclodextrin, supercritical-fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, solid-phase microextraction and membrane separations) of persistent organic pollutants from soils and sediments. In addition, a mathematical approach to predict weak and strong solvents, based on the Hildebrand solubility parameter, is proposed. In Chapter 6, the different techniques for assessing the oral bioaccessibility of metals and persistent organic pollutants from solid environmental samples are considered. The penultimate chapter presents four case studies taken from the author's own laboratory, as follows:
_ The first of these considers the uptake of metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) by plants grown in compost under greenhouse conditions.
_ The second considers the oral bioaccessibility of metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) from plants grown on contaminated compost using an in vitro gastrointestinal extraction approach.
_ Case study three discusses the uptake of persistent organic pollutants (a-endosufan, b-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) by lettuce plants grown in compost.
_ Finally, case study four looks at the oral bioaccessibility of persistent organic pollutants by lettuce plants grown in compost using an in vitro gastrointestinal extraction approach.

This book also contains a useful collection of data sheets that could be used to record laboratory information at the time of carrying out the experiments, plus a guide to selected resources.

This text will be suitable for those carrying out undergraduate courses in environmental science, as well as courses in related disciplines, e.g. chemistry, life sciences, etc. It will also be relevant for postgraduate training courses, including MSc and MRes in environmental science and related disciplines and for researchers interested in the bioavailability and associated features of environmental contaminants.

The Analytical Techniques in the Sciences series of books provides coverage of all of the major analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life and materials science. Each text is presented in an open learning/distance learning style, in which the learning objectives are clearly identified. The reader's understanding of the material is constantly evaluated by the use of self-assessment and discussion questions. Series Editor: David J. Ando

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Produktdetails

• Analytical Techniques in the Sciences
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 320
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Mai 2007
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 230mm x 161mm x 23mm
• Gewicht: 575g
• ISBN-13: 9780470025772
• ISBN-10: 0470025778
• Artikelnr.: 22546170

Autorenporträt

John R. Dean took his first degree in chemistry at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), followed by an M.Sc. in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation at Loughborough University of Technology, and finally a Ph.D. and D.I.C. in Physical Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology (University of London). He then spent two years as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Food Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Norwich, in Conjunction with the Polytechnic of the South West in Plymouth. His work there was focused on the development of directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods for trace element speciation in foodstuffs. This was followed by a temporary lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at Huddersfield Polytechinc. In 1988, he was appointed to a lectureship in Inorganic/Analytical chemistry at Newcastle Polytechnic (now Northumbria University). This was followed by promotion to Senior Lecturer (1990), Reader (1994), Principal Lecturer (1998) and Associate Dean (Research) (2004). He was also awarded a personal chair in 2004. In 1998, he was awarded a D.Sc. (University of London) in Analytical and Environmental Science and was the recipient of the 23rd Society for Analytical Chemistry (SAC) Silver Medal in 1995. He has published extensively in analytical and environmental science. He is an active member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Analytical Division, having served as a member of the atomic spectroscopy group for 15 years (10 as Honorary Secretary), as well as a past Chairman (1997-1999). He has served on the Analytical Division Council for Three terms and is a former Vice-President (2002-2004), as well as a past-Chairman of the North-East Region of the RSC (2001-2003).

Inhaltsangabe

Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Author xxiii
1 Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Soil Guideline Values 2
1.2.1 Residential 5
1.2.2 Allotments 5
1.2.3 Commercial/Industrial 5
1.3 Risk to Humans 7
1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline
Values 8
1.4.1 Mean-Value Test 9
1.4.2 Maximum-Value Test 11
References 14
2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of
Environmental Contaminants 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis 18
2.2.1 Solid Samples 18
2.2.2 Liquid Samples 21
2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 25
2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 33
2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 40
2.5.1 Interferences in ICP-MS 45
2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 49
2.7 Electrochemistry 51
2.8 Hyphenated Techniques 52
2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques 53
2.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques 56
2.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy 56
2.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques 58
3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic
Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 59
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis 60
3.2.1 Solid Samples 60
3.2.2 Liquid Samples 67
3.3 Gas Chromatography 72
3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 74
3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry 78
3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 84
3.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical
Techniques 85
3.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography 85
4 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals 89
4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals 89
4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals 90
4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals 99
4.4 Earthworms 107
4.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies 111
4.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by
Earthworms 124
4.5 Plant Uptake 126
4.6 Certified Reference Materials 127
References 141
5 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants
145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs 146
5.2.1 Selective or 'Mild-Solvent' Extraction 148
5.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction 164
5.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 168
5.2.4 Other Approaches 174
5.3 Earthworm Studies 176
5.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of
POPs by Earthworms 178
5.4 Plant Uptake 183
References 189
6 Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology 193
6.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro
Gastrointestinal Extraction Method 195
6.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 195
6.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 196
6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals 198
6.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic
Pollutants 210
6.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility 213
References 213
7 Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility
of Environmental Contaminants 215
7.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants 215
7.1.1 Background 215
7.1.2 Experimental 216
7.1.3 Results and Discussion 218
7.1.4 Conclusions 224
7.1.5 Specific References 224
7.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants 227
7.2.1 Background 227
7.2.2 Experimental 227
7.2.3 Results and Discussion 229
7.2.4 Conclusions 232
7.3 Bioavailability of POPs by Plants 232
7.3.1 Background 232
7.3.2 Experimental 232
7.3.3 Results and Discussion 234
7.3.4 Conclusions 235
7.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants 235
7.4.1 Background 235
7.4.2 Experimental 235
7.4.3 Results and Discussion 237
7.4.4 Conclusions 238
8 Recording of Information and Selected Resources 241
8.1 Safety 241
8.2 Recording of Information in the Laboratory 242
8.2.1 Introduction 242
8.2.2 Examples of Data Sheets 243
8.3 Selected Resources 253
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions 259
Glossary of Terms 275
SI Units and Physical Constants 281
Periodic Table 285
Index 287