The peanut, also known as the groundnut, is taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, which is a legume crop cultivated mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions for its edible seeds. This book discusses the applications of biochemical and molecular markers for assessing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of peanut germplasm in order to provide developed technologies for crop improvement. This book is of interest to plant geneticists, plant breeders, researchers, and scientists.