Donald Maclaren, James Morton

Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

All-new edition of an introductory textbook on sport and exercise biochemistry and muscle metabolism Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism initially examines the essence of the biochemistry of the macronutrients before exploring how exercise mode, intensity, and duration, training status, and nutritional status affects the regulation of energy producing pathways, enabling readers to apply this understanding to develop training and nutrition programs that maximize athletic performance. This textbook includes an overview of energy metabolism, skeletal muscle structure and function and related biochemical concepts, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, metabolism, regulation of metabolism, and factors that can influence metabolism, and fatigue. This revised and updated Second Edition reflects some of the latest advances in the field, with new content on metabolic regulation as well as adaptations to high intensity and strength exercise, endurance exercise, and intermittent exercise. Furthermore, there is a new chapter on biochemical techniques to provide some pertinent background on how reported metabolic changes during exercise are achieved. This textbook features learning objectives, keywords, and key points in each chapter to aid in reader comprehension and reinforce information retention. Written by two highly qualified authors, Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism discusses sample topics including: How the energy supply for muscle contraction is achieved from carbohydrates, lipids and proteinMuscle contraction, covering propagation of the action potential, excitation-contraction coupling, and the sliding filament mechanismRegulation of the energy systems providing energy for exerciseTechniques for exercise metabolism, including respiratory analysis, ergometry, blood sampling, metabolomics, a-v differences, muscle biopsy, and isotopesExploration of the metabolic events occurring during high intensity, endurance, and high-intensity intermittent forms of exercise Clearly written and completely comprehensive, the Second Edition of Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism continues to be an invaluable learning resource for students across a wide range of sport-related courses.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
• Seitenzahl: 352
• Erscheinungstermin: 10. Oktober 2024
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 244mm x 170mm
• ISBN-13: 9781119605041
• ISBN-10: 1119605040
• Artikelnr.: 65755197

Autorenporträt

Don MacLaren is currently Professor of Sports Nutrition at Liverpool. He has taught physiology, biochemistry and nutrition at JMU for a number of years. He is Chair of the BASES Sports Nutrition interest group and is a member of the Sport & Exercise Nutrition working party under the auspices of the Nutrition Society. James Morton is a lecturer in sports metabolism. He has twice received 'Young Investigator Awards' from the European College of Sports Science, in 2006 and 2008.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi One: Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics 1 1 Energy sources
for muscular activity 3 1.1 Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency 3
1.2 Energy continuum 4 1.3 Energy supply for muscle contraction 4 1.4
Energy systems and running speed 7 1.5 Why can't a marathon be sprinted? 7
1.6 Energy sources and muscle 8 1.7 Can muscle use protein for energy? 9
1.8 Key points 10 2 Skeletal muscle structure and function 11 2.1 Skeletal
muscle structure 12 2.1.1 Gross anatomical structure 12 2.1.2 The muscle
fibre 13 2.2 Muscle contraction 18 2.2.1 Propagation of the action
potential 18 2.2.2 Excitation-contraction coupling 18 2.2.3 The sliding
filament mechanism 20 2.3 Muscle fibre types 21 2.3.1 General
classification of muscle fibres 21 2.3.2 Muscle fibre distribution 23 2.3.3
Muscle fibre recruitment 24 2.4 Muscles in action 26 2.4.1 Types of muscle
contraction 26 2.4.2 The twitch contraction 26 2.4.3 The length-tension
relationship 27 2.4.4 Tetanus contractions 27 2.4.5 Force-velocity
relationship 28 2.4.6 Muscle fatigue 29 2.5 Key points 29 3 Biochemical
concepts 31 3.1 Organization of matter 32 3.1.1 Matter and elements 32
3.1.2 Atoms and atomic structure 32 3.1.3 Atomic number and mass number 34
3.1.4 Atomic mass 34 3.1.5 Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients 34
3.2 Chemical bonding 35 3.2.1 Ionic bonds 36 3.2.2 Covalent bonds 36 3.2.3
Molecular formulae and structures 38 3.2.4 Functional groups 39 3.3
Chemical reactions, ATP and energy 40 3.3.1 Energy 40 3.3.2 ATP 41 3.3.3
Units of energy 42 3.3.4 Types of chemical reactions 43 3.4 Water 45 3.4.1
General functions of water 45 3.4.2 Water as a solvent 46 3.5 Solutions and
concentrations 46 3.6 Acid-base balance 47 3.6.1 Acids, bases and salts 47
3.6.2 pH Scale 48 3.6.3 Buffers 49 3.7 Cell structure 49 3.7.1 The plasma
membrane 50 3.7.2 The nucleus 51 3.7.3 Cytoplasm and organelles 51 3.8 Key
points 53 Two: Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry 55 4
Proteins 57 4.1 Protein function 58 4.1.1 General protein function 59 4.2
Amino acids 62 4.2.1 Amino acid structure 62 4.3 Protein structure 62 4.3.1
Primary structure 62 4.3.2 Secondary structure 65 4.3.3 Tertiary structure
65 4.3.4 Quaternary structure 65 4.4 Proteins as enzymes 67 4.4.1
Mechanisms of enzyme action 67 4.4.2 Factors affecting rates of enzymatic
reactions 68 4.4.3 Coenzymes and cofactors 70 4.4.4 Classification of
enzymes 70 4.4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity 72 4.5 Protein turnover 73
4.5.1 Overview of protein turnover 73 4.5.2 DNA structure 73 4.5.3
Transcription 74 4.5.4 The genetic code 74 4.5.5 Translation 76 4.6 Amino
acid metabolism 78 4.6.1 Free amino acid pool 79 4.6.2 Transamination 79
4.6.3 Deamination 80 4.6.4 Branched chain amino acids 82 4.6.5
Glucose-alanine cycle 82 4.6.6 Glutamine 82 4.6.7 The urea cycle 85 4.7 Key
points 85 5 Carbohydrates 87 5.1 Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and
exercise 88 5.2 Types and structure of carbohydrates 90 5.2.1
Monosaccharides 90 5.2.2 Disaccharides and polysaccharides 91 5.3
Metabolism of carbohydrates 92 5.3.1 Glycogenolysis 93 5.3.2 Glycolysis 95
5.3.3 Lactate metabolism 98 5.3.4 The 'link' reaction; production of
acetyl-CoA 98 5.3.5 The TCA (or Krebs) cycle 98 5.3.6 Electron transport
chain 98 5.3.7 Oxidative phosphorylation 100 5.3.8 Calculation of ATP
generated in glucose oxidation 101 5.3.9 Overview of glucose oxidation 102
5.3.10 Fructose metabolism 102 5.3.11 Gluconeogenesis 102 5.3.12
Glycogenesis 103 5.4 Key points 107 6 Lipids 109 6.1 Relevance of lipids
for sport and exercise 110 6.2 Structure of lipids 112 6.2.1 Classification
of lipids 112 6.2.2 Compound lipids 115 6.2.3 Derived lipids 115 6.3
Metabolism of lipids 115 6.3.1 Lipolysis 115 6.3.2 ß-oxidation 118 6.3.3
Ketone body formation 119 6.3.4 Formation of fatty acids 119 6.3.5
Triglyceride synthesis 122 6.4 Key points 124 Three: Metabolic Regulation
in Sport and Exercise 127 7 Principles of metabolic regulation 129 7.1 How
are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled? 130 7.2 Hormones 130 7.3
Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation 133 7.3.1 Adrenaline
activation of glycogenolysis 134 7.3.2 Adrenaline activation of lipolysis
135 7.3.3 Insulin activation of glycogen synthase 135 7.3.4 Insulin
inhibition of lipolysis 137 7.3.5 Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis
137 7.4 Steroid hormones and regulation 138 7.5 Allosteric effectors 140
7.5.1 Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase 140 7.5.2 Regulation of PFK 140
7.5.3 Regulation of PDH 140 7.5.4 Regulation of CPT1 142 7.5.5 AMPK as a
metabolic regulator 142 7.6 Key points 144 8 High-intensity exercise 145
8.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in
high-intensity exercise 145 8.1.1 Definition of high-intensity exercise 145
8.1.2 Energy production during high-intensity exercise 146 8.1.3 Evidence
of energy sources used in HIE 148 8.1.4 Metabolic regulation during
high-intensity exercise 152 8.2 Effects of exercise duration 152 8.3
Effects of nutritional status 153 8.3.1 Can nutritional ergogenic aids help
HIE? 154 8.4 Effects of training 155 8.5 Mechanisms of fatigue 157 8.5.1
Reduced ATP 158 8.5.2 Reduced PCr 159 8.5.3 Increased Pi 159 8.5.4 Lactate
and H+ 160 8.6 Key points 161 9 Endurance exercise 163 9.1 Overview of
energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise 164 9.1.1
Definition and models of endurance exercise 164 9.1.2 Energy production in
endurance exercise 164 9.1.3 Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance
exercise 165 9.2 Effects of exercise intensity 166 9.2.1 CHO metabolism 166
9.2.2 Lipid metabolism 168 9.3 Effects of exercise duration 172 9.4 Effects
of nutritional status 174 9.4.1 CHO-loading and muscle glycogen
availability 174 9.4.2 Fat-loading strategies 176 9.4.3 Pre-exercise and
during-exercise CHO ingestion 178 9.4.4 Pre-exercise FFA availability 181
9.5 Effects of training status 183 9.5.1 CHO metabolism 183 9.5.2 Lipid
metabolism 184 9.5.3 Protein metabolism 188 9.6 Mechanisms of fatigue 189
9.7 Key points 192 10 High-intensity intermittent exercise 195 10.1
Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise 196 10.1.1
Definition and models of intermittent exercise 196 10.1.2 Energy systems
utilized in intermittent exercise 197 10.2 Metabolic regulation in
intermittent exercise 197 10.3 Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity
and ratio 202 10.4 Effects of nutritional status 206 10.4.1 Muscle glycogen
availability 207 10.4.2 Pre-exercise CHO ingestion 207 10.4.3 CHO ingestion
during exercise 209 10.5 Muscle adaptations to interval training 210 10.6
Mechanisms of fatigue 215 10.6.1 Carbohydrate availability 216 10.6.2 PCr
depletion 217 10.6.3 Acidosis 218 10.6.4 Extracellular potassium 220 10.6.5
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 221 10.6.6 Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+
release 223 10.7 Key points 224 References and suggested readings 227 Index
241