Biofuel Cells
Materials and Challenges
Herausgeber: Inamuddin; Rezakazemi, Mashallah; Boddula, Rajender; Ahamed, Mohd Imran
Biofuel Cells
Materials and Challenges
Herausgeber: Inamuddin; Rezakazemi, Mashallah; Boddula, Rajender; Ahamed, Mohd Imran
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Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes calls for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of…mehr
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- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 528
- Erscheinungstermin: 3. August 2021
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 161mm x 31mm
- Gewicht: 835g
- ISBN-13: 9781119724698
- ISBN-10: 1119724694
- Artikelnr.: 59758526
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 528
- Erscheinungstermin: 3. August 2021
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 161mm x 31mm
- Gewicht: 835g
- ISBN-13: 9781119724698
- ISBN-10: 1119724694
- Artikelnr.: 59758526
Jannu, Arjona Noé and Cercado Bibiana 1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the
Bioelectrocatalysis 2 1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis 3
1.2.1 Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions 3 1.2.2 Reactions Catalyzed by
Microorganisms 8 1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst 9 1.3.1 Immobilization
of Enzymes on Electrodes 9 1.3.2 Preparation of Microbial Bioelectrodes 15
1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel
Cells 17 1.4.1 Buckypaper Bioelectrodes for BFCs 20 1.4.2 Carbon Paper
Bioelectrodes for BFCs 21 1.4.3 Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Materials as
Bioelectrodes for BFCs 22 1.4.4 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based
Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs 23 1.4.5 Flexible
Bioelectrodes for Flexible BFCs 24 1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena 25 1.5.1
Enzyme-Electrode Electron Transfer 25 1.5.2 Microorganism-Electrode
Electron Transfer 31 1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control 34 1.6.1 Control of
Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis 34 1.6.2 Microbiological Catalysis Control 35
1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis 36 1.7.1 Biosensors 36 1.7.2
Microbial Catalyzed CO2 Reduction 37 References 39 2 Novel Innovations in
Biofuel Cells 53 Muhammet Samet Kilic and Seyda Korkut 2.1 Introduction to
Biological Fuel Cells 53 2.1.1 Implantable BFCs 55 2.1.2 Wearable BFCs 59
2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63 Acknowledgment 64 References 64
3 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 69 Arushi Chauhan
and Pramod Avti 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Biofuel Cells 72 3.2.1 Microbial
Biofuel Cells 72 3.2.1.1 Design and Configuration 73 3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel
Cells 75 3.3.1 Design and Configurations 75 3.3.2 Factors Affecting 77 3.4
Mechanism of Electron Transfer 80 3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body 81
3.6 Biomedical Applications 83 3.6.1 Glucose-Based Biofuels Cells 84 3.6.2
Pacemakers 85 3.6.3 Implanted Brain-Machine Interface 86 3.6.4 Biomarkers
87 3.7 Limitations 87 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 88 References
88 Abbreviations 95 4 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 97 Rabisa Zia, Ayesha Taj,
Sumaira Younis, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Waheed S. Khan and Sadia Z. Bajwa 4.1
Introduction 98 4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs 99 4.3 Enzyme Immobilization
Materials 103 4.3.1 Physical Adsorption Onto a Solid Surface 105 4.3.2
Entrapment in a Matrix 106 4.3.3 Sol-Gel Entrapment 106 4.3.4 Nanomaterials
as Matrices for Enzyme Immobilization 107 4.3.5 Covalent Bonding 109 4.3.6
Cross-Linking With Bifunctional or Multifunctional Reagents 110 4.4
Applications of EBFCs 111 4.4.1 Self-Powered Biosensors 111 4.4.2 EBFCs
Into Implantable Bioelectronics 111 4.4.3 EBFCs Powering Portable Devices
112 4.5 Challenges 114 4.6 Conclusion 116 References 116 5 Introduction to
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity 123 Rustiana
Yuliasni, Abudukeremu Kadier, Nanik Indah Setianingsih, Junying Wang, Nani
Harihastuti and Peng-Cheng Ma 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Operating Principles
of MFC 125 5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs 126 5.3.1 Anode
Materials 126 5.3.2 Cathode Materials 134 5.3.3 Substrates or Fed-Stocks
135 5.3.4 MFC Cell Configurations 135 5.4 Current and Prospective
Applications of MFC Technology 136 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 138
Acknowledgement 138 References 138 6 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview
145 Gayatri Konwar and Debajyoti Mahanta 6.1 Introduction 145 6.1.1 Working
Principle of Fuel Cell 146 6.1.2 Types of Fuel Cells 148 6.2 Biofuel Cells
(BFCs) 149 6.2.1 Working Principle 149 6.2.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 150
6.2.1.2 Photomicrobial Fuel Cell 151 6.2.1.3 Enzymatic Fuel Cell 151 6.2.2
Applications of Biofuel Cells 152 6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell 153
6.3.1 Fuel Diversity 153 6.3.2 Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 154
6.3.3 Fabrication of Bioelectrodes 156 6.3.4 Recent Advances and New
Progress for the Development of Flexible Biofuel Cell 156 6.3.4.1
Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 157 6.3.4.2
Textile and Polymer-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
160 6.3.4.3 Metal-Based Electrode Materials 162 6.3.5 Challenges Faced by
Flexible Biofuel Cell 162 6.4 Conclusion 164 References 164 7 Carbon
Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells 171 Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P. List
of Abbreviations 172 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 174
7.2.1 Enzyme-Based Biofuel Cell (EBFC) 175 7.2.2 Microbial-Based Biofuel
Cells (MBFCs) 176 7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells 176 7.3.1
Cellulose-Based Biomass Fuel Cells 176 7.3.2 Starch and Glucose-Based Fuel
Cells 177 7.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles (NPs) 178 7.3.4 Graphite 179 7.3.5
Nanographene 179 7.3.5.1 N-Doped Graphene 182 7.3.6 Carbon Nanotubes 182
7.3.6.1 Buckypapers 187 7.3.6.2 Hydrogenases 188 7.3.6.3 N-Doped CNTs 189
7.3.6.4 Biphenylated CNTs 189 7.3.7 Nanohorns 189 7.3.8 Nanorods 190 7.3.9
Carbon Nanofibers 191 7.3.10 Nanoballs 191 7.3.11 Nanosheets 192 7.3.12
Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC) 192 7.3.13 Porous Carbon 192 7.4
Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 193 7.4.1
Living Batteries/Implantable Fuel Cells 193 7.4.1.1 Animal In Vivo
Implantation 194 7.4.1.2 Energy Extraction From Body Fluids 195 7.4.2
Energy Extraction From Fruits 197 7.5 Conclusion 197 References 198 8
Glucose Biofuel Cells 219 Srijita Basumallick 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2
Merits of BFC Over FC 220 8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in
Glucose Biofuel Cells 221 8.4 General Experimental Technique for
Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation 222
8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized
Working Electrode 223 8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant
(ks) 224 8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes 225 8.8 Conclusions 225
Acknowledgments 226 References 226 9 Photochemical Biofuel Cells 229 Mohd
Nur Ikhmal Salehmin, Rosmahani Mohd Shah, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Ibdal
Satar and Siti Mariam Daud 9.1 Introduction 230 9.1.1 Various Configuration
of PBEC-FC 231 9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC) 233 9.2.1 Various
Configurations of PS-BFC 234 9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC) 238 9.4
Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC) 240 9.4.1 The Basic
Mechanism of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Reaction 241 9.4.2
Photoelectrode-Integrated BFC 242 9.4.3 Various Configuration of PE-BFC 243
9.4.4 Materials Used in PE-BFC 245 9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their
Performance From PEC-BFC 247 9.5.1 Hydrogen Generation 247 9.5.2
Contaminants Removal and Waste Remediation 249 9.5.3 Sustainable Power
Generation 251 9.6 Conclusion 252 References 253 10 Engineering
Architectures for Biofuel Cells 261 Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P.
Abbreviations 261 10.1 Introduction 263 10.1.1 Biofuel Cell 263 10.1.2
General Configuration of a Biofuel Cell 263 10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones
264 10.3 Attractiveness 266 10.3.1 Biological Sensors 266 10.3.2
Implantable Medical Devices 267 10.3.2.1 Invertebrates 268 10.3.2.2
Vertebrates 269 10.3.3 Electronics 269 10.3.4 Building Materials 270 10.4
Architecture 270 10.4.1 Fabrication and Design 270 10.4.1.1 Modeling 271
10.4.1.2 Sol-Gel Encapsulation 272 10.4.1.3 3D Electrode Architecture 272
10.4.1.4 Multi-Enzyme Systems (Enzyme Cascades) 273 10.4.1.5 Linear
Cascades 273 10.4.1.6 Cyclic Cascades 274 10.4.1.7 Parallel Cascades 274
10.4.1.8 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 274 10.4.2 Single Compartment
Layout 275 10.4.3 Two-Compartment Layout 275 10.4.4 Mechanisms 275 10.4.4.1
Direct Electron Transfer 275 10.4.4.2 Mediated Electron Transfer 276 10.4.5
Materials 277 10.4.5.1 Carbon Nanomaterials 277 10.4.5.2 H2/O2 Biofuel
Cells 277 10.4.5.3 Hydrogenases 278 10.4.5.4 Fungal Cellulases 279 10.4.6
Characterization 279 10.4.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 279
10.4.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 279 10.4.6.3 X-Ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy (XPS) 280 10.4.6.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 280 10.4.7
Metagenomic Techniques 280 10.4.7.1 Pre-Treatment of Environmental Samples
281 10.4.7.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction 281 10.4.8 Integrated Devices 282 10.5
Issues and Perspectives 282 10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural
Engineering 283 10.7 Conclusions 283 References 284 11 Biofuel Cells for
Commercial Applications 299 Mohan Kumar Anand Raj, Rajasekar Rathanasamy,
Moganapriya Chinnasamy and Sathish Kumar Palaniappan Abbreviations 299 11.1
Introduction 300 11.1.1 History of Biofuel Cell 300 11.2 Classification of
Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement 303 11.2.1 Process of
Electron Shift From Response Site to Electrode 303 11.2.2
Bioelectrochemical Cells Including an Entire Organism 303 11.2.3 Entire
Organism Product Biofuel Cells Producing Hydrogen Gas 304 11.2.4 Entire
Organism Non-Diffusive Biofuel Cells 305 11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells
307 11.3.1 Micro- and Nanotechnology 308 11.3.2 Self-Powered Biofuel Sensor
309 11.3.3 Switchable Biofuel Cells and Logic Gates 310 11.3.4 Microbial
Energy Production 310 11.3.5 Transport and Energy Generation 311 11.3.6
Infixable Power Sources 312 11.3.7 Aqua Treatment 312 11.3.8 Robots 312
11.4 Conclusion 312 References 313 12 Development of Suitable Cathode
Catalyst for Biofuel Cells 317 Mehak Munjal, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Raj
Kishore Sharma and Gurmeet Singh 12.1 Introduction 317 12.2 Kinetics and
Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 321 12.3 Techniques for Evaluating
ORR Catalyst 322 12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs 326 12.5 Chemical Catalyst
327 12.5.1 Metals-Based Catalyst 327 12.5.1.1 Metals and Alloys 327
12.5.1.2 Metal Oxide 328 12.5.2 Carbon Materials 331 12.6 Microbial
Catalyst 332 12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell 333 12.8 Conclusion
334 Acknowledgements 335 References 335 13 Biofuel Cells for Water
Desalination 345 Somakraj Banerjee, Ranjana Das and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Biofuel Cell 347 13.2.1 Basic Mechanism 347
13.2.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 348 13.2.2.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cell 349 13.2.2.2
Microbial Fuel Cell 349 13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial
Desalination Cell 350 13.3.1 Working Mechanism 351 13.3.2 Microbial
Desalination Cell Configurations 353 13.3.2.1 Air Cathode MDC 353 13.3.2.2
Biocathode MDC 354 13.3.2.3 Stacked MDC (sMDC) 355 13.3.2.4 Recirculation
MDC (rMDC) 357 13.3.2.5 Microbial Electrolysis Desalination and Chemical
Production Cell (MEDCC) 358 13.3.2.6 Capacitive MDC (cMDC) 359 13.3.2.7
Upflow MDC (UMDC) 360 13.3.2.8 Osmotic MDC (OMDC) 361 13.3.2.9 Bipolar
Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell 362 13.3.2.10 Decoupled MDC 363
13.3.2.11 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation MDC (c-SMDC-S) 364
13.3.2.12 Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell 365 13.4
Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells 366
13.4.1 Effect of External Resistance 366 13.4.2 Effect of Internal
Resistance 367 13.4.3 Effect of pH 367 13.4.4 Effect of Microorganisms 368
13.4.5 Effect of Operating Conditions 369 13.4.6 Effect of Membrane Scaling
and Fouling 370 13.4.7 Effect of Desalinated Water Contamination 370 13.5
Current Challenges and Further Prospects 370 Acknowledgment 371 References
372 14 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells 377 Naila Yamin, Wajeeha
Khalid, Muhammad Altaf, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Munazza Shahid and Amna
Zulfiqar 14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell 378 14.2 Types 378 14.2.1 Fuel Cells
378 14.2.1.1 Conventional Fuel Cell (FC) 378 14.2.1.2 History 378 14.2.1.3
Principle of FC 380 14.2.1.4 Construction/Designs 380 14.2.1.5 Stacking of
Fuel Cell 383 14.2.1.6 Importance of Conventional FC 384 14.2.2 Types of FC
384 14.2.2.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 385 14.2.2.2 Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 386 14.2.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
388 14.2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 389 14.2.2.5 Alkaline FC (AFC)
390 14.2.2.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 391 14.2.3 Advantages of Fuel
Cells 394 14.2.3.1 Efficiency 394 14.2.3.2 Low Emissions 394 14.2.3.3
Noiseless 394 14.2.4 Applications 394 14.3 Biofuel Cells 395 14.3.1
Introduction 395 14.3.2 Categories of Biofuel 395 14.3.2.1 First-Generation
Biofuel 395 14.3.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuel 399 14.3.2.3
Third-Generation Biofuel 399 14.3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuel 399 14.3.3
Advantages of Biofuels 399 14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells 399 14.4.1 Microbial
Fuel Cell 399 14.4.1.1 Basic Principles of MFC 401 14.4.1.2 Types of MFCs
403 14.4.1.3 Mechanism of Electron Transfer 404 14.4.1.4 Uses of MFCs 405
14.4.1.5 Advantages of MFCs 406 14.4.1.6 Disadvantage of MFCs 407 14.4.2
Enzymatic Biofuel Cells (EBCs) 407 14.4.2.1 Principle/Mechanism 407
14.4.2.2 Working of EBCs 407 14.4.2.3 Immobilization of an Enzyme 408
14.4.3 Glucose Biofuel Cells (GBFCs) 409 14.4.4 Photochemical Biofuel Cell
411 14.4.5 Flexible or Stretchable Biofuel Cell 412 14.5 Conclusion 413
References 413 15 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A
Roadmap Towards Sustainability 423 Biswajit Debnath, Moumita Sardar,
Khushbu K. Birawat, Indrashis Saha and Ankita Das 15.1 Introduction 423
15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells 425 15.3 Enzymatic
Biofuel Cells 429 15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells 432 15.5 Fuels for Biofuel
Cells 434 15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability 434 15.7 Conclusion and Future
Direction 438 Acknowledgement 439 References 439 16 Anodes for Biofuel
Cells 449 Naveen Patel, Dibyajyoti Mukherjee, Ishu Vansal, Rama Pati Mishra
and Vinod Kumar Chaudhary 16.1 Introduction 450 16.2 Anode Material
Properties 451 16.3 Anode 452 16.3.1 Non-Carbon Anode Materials 452 16.3.2
Carbon Anode Materials 453 16.4 Anode Modification 453 16.4.1 Anode
Modification With Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 453 16.4.2 Graphite-Based Material
for Anode Electrode Modification 454 16.4.3 Anode Modification With
Nanocomposite of Metal Oxides 454 16.4.4 Anode Modification With Conducting
Polymer 455 16.4.5 Chemical and Electrochemical Anode Modifications 456
16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives 456 16.6 Conclusion 457
Acknowledgements 457 References 457 17 Applications of Biofuel Cells 465
Joel Joseph, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor and Prabhakar
Sivaraman 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Fuel Cell 467 17.3 Biofuel Cells 468
17.3.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell 469 17.3.1.1 At Anode Chamber 470 17.3.1.2 At
Cathode Chamber 471 17.3.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell 471 17.3.3 Mammalian
Biofuel Cell 472 17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell 473
17.4.1 Implantable Biofuel Cell for Pacemakers or Artificial Urinary
Sphincter 473 17.4.2 Implantable Medical Devices Powered by Mammalian
Biofuel Cells 474 17.4.3 Medical Devices Using PEM Fuel Cell 475 17.4.4
Implantable Brain Machine Interface Using Glucose Fuel Cell 475 17.5 Single
Compartment EBFCs 476 17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration
Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell 476 17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy
Source 477 17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters
477 17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail 477 17.10 Application of Biofuel
Cell 478 17.11 Conclusion 479 References 479 Index 483
Jannu, Arjona Noé and Cercado Bibiana 1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the
Bioelectrocatalysis 2 1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis 3
1.2.1 Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions 3 1.2.2 Reactions Catalyzed by
Microorganisms 8 1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst 9 1.3.1 Immobilization
of Enzymes on Electrodes 9 1.3.2 Preparation of Microbial Bioelectrodes 15
1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel
Cells 17 1.4.1 Buckypaper Bioelectrodes for BFCs 20 1.4.2 Carbon Paper
Bioelectrodes for BFCs 21 1.4.3 Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Materials as
Bioelectrodes for BFCs 22 1.4.4 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based
Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs 23 1.4.5 Flexible
Bioelectrodes for Flexible BFCs 24 1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena 25 1.5.1
Enzyme-Electrode Electron Transfer 25 1.5.2 Microorganism-Electrode
Electron Transfer 31 1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control 34 1.6.1 Control of
Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis 34 1.6.2 Microbiological Catalysis Control 35
1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis 36 1.7.1 Biosensors 36 1.7.2
Microbial Catalyzed CO2 Reduction 37 References 39 2 Novel Innovations in
Biofuel Cells 53 Muhammet Samet Kilic and Seyda Korkut 2.1 Introduction to
Biological Fuel Cells 53 2.1.1 Implantable BFCs 55 2.1.2 Wearable BFCs 59
2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63 Acknowledgment 64 References 64
3 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 69 Arushi Chauhan
and Pramod Avti 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Biofuel Cells 72 3.2.1 Microbial
Biofuel Cells 72 3.2.1.1 Design and Configuration 73 3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel
Cells 75 3.3.1 Design and Configurations 75 3.3.2 Factors Affecting 77 3.4
Mechanism of Electron Transfer 80 3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body 81
3.6 Biomedical Applications 83 3.6.1 Glucose-Based Biofuels Cells 84 3.6.2
Pacemakers 85 3.6.3 Implanted Brain-Machine Interface 86 3.6.4 Biomarkers
87 3.7 Limitations 87 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 88 References
88 Abbreviations 95 4 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 97 Rabisa Zia, Ayesha Taj,
Sumaira Younis, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Waheed S. Khan and Sadia Z. Bajwa 4.1
Introduction 98 4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs 99 4.3 Enzyme Immobilization
Materials 103 4.3.1 Physical Adsorption Onto a Solid Surface 105 4.3.2
Entrapment in a Matrix 106 4.3.3 Sol-Gel Entrapment 106 4.3.4 Nanomaterials
as Matrices for Enzyme Immobilization 107 4.3.5 Covalent Bonding 109 4.3.6
Cross-Linking With Bifunctional or Multifunctional Reagents 110 4.4
Applications of EBFCs 111 4.4.1 Self-Powered Biosensors 111 4.4.2 EBFCs
Into Implantable Bioelectronics 111 4.4.3 EBFCs Powering Portable Devices
112 4.5 Challenges 114 4.6 Conclusion 116 References 116 5 Introduction to
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity 123 Rustiana
Yuliasni, Abudukeremu Kadier, Nanik Indah Setianingsih, Junying Wang, Nani
Harihastuti and Peng-Cheng Ma 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Operating Principles
of MFC 125 5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs 126 5.3.1 Anode
Materials 126 5.3.2 Cathode Materials 134 5.3.3 Substrates or Fed-Stocks
135 5.3.4 MFC Cell Configurations 135 5.4 Current and Prospective
Applications of MFC Technology 136 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 138
Acknowledgement 138 References 138 6 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview
145 Gayatri Konwar and Debajyoti Mahanta 6.1 Introduction 145 6.1.1 Working
Principle of Fuel Cell 146 6.1.2 Types of Fuel Cells 148 6.2 Biofuel Cells
(BFCs) 149 6.2.1 Working Principle 149 6.2.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 150
6.2.1.2 Photomicrobial Fuel Cell 151 6.2.1.3 Enzymatic Fuel Cell 151 6.2.2
Applications of Biofuel Cells 152 6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell 153
6.3.1 Fuel Diversity 153 6.3.2 Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 154
6.3.3 Fabrication of Bioelectrodes 156 6.3.4 Recent Advances and New
Progress for the Development of Flexible Biofuel Cell 156 6.3.4.1
Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 157 6.3.4.2
Textile and Polymer-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
160 6.3.4.3 Metal-Based Electrode Materials 162 6.3.5 Challenges Faced by
Flexible Biofuel Cell 162 6.4 Conclusion 164 References 164 7 Carbon
Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells 171 Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P. List
of Abbreviations 172 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 174
7.2.1 Enzyme-Based Biofuel Cell (EBFC) 175 7.2.2 Microbial-Based Biofuel
Cells (MBFCs) 176 7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells 176 7.3.1
Cellulose-Based Biomass Fuel Cells 176 7.3.2 Starch and Glucose-Based Fuel
Cells 177 7.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles (NPs) 178 7.3.4 Graphite 179 7.3.5
Nanographene 179 7.3.5.1 N-Doped Graphene 182 7.3.6 Carbon Nanotubes 182
7.3.6.1 Buckypapers 187 7.3.6.2 Hydrogenases 188 7.3.6.3 N-Doped CNTs 189
7.3.6.4 Biphenylated CNTs 189 7.3.7 Nanohorns 189 7.3.8 Nanorods 190 7.3.9
Carbon Nanofibers 191 7.3.10 Nanoballs 191 7.3.11 Nanosheets 192 7.3.12
Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC) 192 7.3.13 Porous Carbon 192 7.4
Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 193 7.4.1
Living Batteries/Implantable Fuel Cells 193 7.4.1.1 Animal In Vivo
Implantation 194 7.4.1.2 Energy Extraction From Body Fluids 195 7.4.2
Energy Extraction From Fruits 197 7.5 Conclusion 197 References 198 8
Glucose Biofuel Cells 219 Srijita Basumallick 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2
Merits of BFC Over FC 220 8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in
Glucose Biofuel Cells 221 8.4 General Experimental Technique for
Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation 222
8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized
Working Electrode 223 8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant
(ks) 224 8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes 225 8.8 Conclusions 225
Acknowledgments 226 References 226 9 Photochemical Biofuel Cells 229 Mohd
Nur Ikhmal Salehmin, Rosmahani Mohd Shah, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Ibdal
Satar and Siti Mariam Daud 9.1 Introduction 230 9.1.1 Various Configuration
of PBEC-FC 231 9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC) 233 9.2.1 Various
Configurations of PS-BFC 234 9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC) 238 9.4
Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC) 240 9.4.1 The Basic
Mechanism of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Reaction 241 9.4.2
Photoelectrode-Integrated BFC 242 9.4.3 Various Configuration of PE-BFC 243
9.4.4 Materials Used in PE-BFC 245 9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their
Performance From PEC-BFC 247 9.5.1 Hydrogen Generation 247 9.5.2
Contaminants Removal and Waste Remediation 249 9.5.3 Sustainable Power
Generation 251 9.6 Conclusion 252 References 253 10 Engineering
Architectures for Biofuel Cells 261 Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P.
Abbreviations 261 10.1 Introduction 263 10.1.1 Biofuel Cell 263 10.1.2
General Configuration of a Biofuel Cell 263 10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones
264 10.3 Attractiveness 266 10.3.1 Biological Sensors 266 10.3.2
Implantable Medical Devices 267 10.3.2.1 Invertebrates 268 10.3.2.2
Vertebrates 269 10.3.3 Electronics 269 10.3.4 Building Materials 270 10.4
Architecture 270 10.4.1 Fabrication and Design 270 10.4.1.1 Modeling 271
10.4.1.2 Sol-Gel Encapsulation 272 10.4.1.3 3D Electrode Architecture 272
10.4.1.4 Multi-Enzyme Systems (Enzyme Cascades) 273 10.4.1.5 Linear
Cascades 273 10.4.1.6 Cyclic Cascades 274 10.4.1.7 Parallel Cascades 274
10.4.1.8 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 274 10.4.2 Single Compartment
Layout 275 10.4.3 Two-Compartment Layout 275 10.4.4 Mechanisms 275 10.4.4.1
Direct Electron Transfer 275 10.4.4.2 Mediated Electron Transfer 276 10.4.5
Materials 277 10.4.5.1 Carbon Nanomaterials 277 10.4.5.2 H2/O2 Biofuel
Cells 277 10.4.5.3 Hydrogenases 278 10.4.5.4 Fungal Cellulases 279 10.4.6
Characterization 279 10.4.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 279
10.4.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 279 10.4.6.3 X-Ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy (XPS) 280 10.4.6.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 280 10.4.7
Metagenomic Techniques 280 10.4.7.1 Pre-Treatment of Environmental Samples
281 10.4.7.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction 281 10.4.8 Integrated Devices 282 10.5
Issues and Perspectives 282 10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural
Engineering 283 10.7 Conclusions 283 References 284 11 Biofuel Cells for
Commercial Applications 299 Mohan Kumar Anand Raj, Rajasekar Rathanasamy,
Moganapriya Chinnasamy and Sathish Kumar Palaniappan Abbreviations 299 11.1
Introduction 300 11.1.1 History of Biofuel Cell 300 11.2 Classification of
Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement 303 11.2.1 Process of
Electron Shift From Response Site to Electrode 303 11.2.2
Bioelectrochemical Cells Including an Entire Organism 303 11.2.3 Entire
Organism Product Biofuel Cells Producing Hydrogen Gas 304 11.2.4 Entire
Organism Non-Diffusive Biofuel Cells 305 11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells
307 11.3.1 Micro- and Nanotechnology 308 11.3.2 Self-Powered Biofuel Sensor
309 11.3.3 Switchable Biofuel Cells and Logic Gates 310 11.3.4 Microbial
Energy Production 310 11.3.5 Transport and Energy Generation 311 11.3.6
Infixable Power Sources 312 11.3.7 Aqua Treatment 312 11.3.8 Robots 312
11.4 Conclusion 312 References 313 12 Development of Suitable Cathode
Catalyst for Biofuel Cells 317 Mehak Munjal, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Raj
Kishore Sharma and Gurmeet Singh 12.1 Introduction 317 12.2 Kinetics and
Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 321 12.3 Techniques for Evaluating
ORR Catalyst 322 12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs 326 12.5 Chemical Catalyst
327 12.5.1 Metals-Based Catalyst 327 12.5.1.1 Metals and Alloys 327
12.5.1.2 Metal Oxide 328 12.5.2 Carbon Materials 331 12.6 Microbial
Catalyst 332 12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell 333 12.8 Conclusion
334 Acknowledgements 335 References 335 13 Biofuel Cells for Water
Desalination 345 Somakraj Banerjee, Ranjana Das and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Biofuel Cell 347 13.2.1 Basic Mechanism 347
13.2.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 348 13.2.2.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cell 349 13.2.2.2
Microbial Fuel Cell 349 13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial
Desalination Cell 350 13.3.1 Working Mechanism 351 13.3.2 Microbial
Desalination Cell Configurations 353 13.3.2.1 Air Cathode MDC 353 13.3.2.2
Biocathode MDC 354 13.3.2.3 Stacked MDC (sMDC) 355 13.3.2.4 Recirculation
MDC (rMDC) 357 13.3.2.5 Microbial Electrolysis Desalination and Chemical
Production Cell (MEDCC) 358 13.3.2.6 Capacitive MDC (cMDC) 359 13.3.2.7
Upflow MDC (UMDC) 360 13.3.2.8 Osmotic MDC (OMDC) 361 13.3.2.9 Bipolar
Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell 362 13.3.2.10 Decoupled MDC 363
13.3.2.11 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation MDC (c-SMDC-S) 364
13.3.2.12 Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell 365 13.4
Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells 366
13.4.1 Effect of External Resistance 366 13.4.2 Effect of Internal
Resistance 367 13.4.3 Effect of pH 367 13.4.4 Effect of Microorganisms 368
13.4.5 Effect of Operating Conditions 369 13.4.6 Effect of Membrane Scaling
and Fouling 370 13.4.7 Effect of Desalinated Water Contamination 370 13.5
Current Challenges and Further Prospects 370 Acknowledgment 371 References
372 14 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells 377 Naila Yamin, Wajeeha
Khalid, Muhammad Altaf, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Munazza Shahid and Amna
Zulfiqar 14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell 378 14.2 Types 378 14.2.1 Fuel Cells
378 14.2.1.1 Conventional Fuel Cell (FC) 378 14.2.1.2 History 378 14.2.1.3
Principle of FC 380 14.2.1.4 Construction/Designs 380 14.2.1.5 Stacking of
Fuel Cell 383 14.2.1.6 Importance of Conventional FC 384 14.2.2 Types of FC
384 14.2.2.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 385 14.2.2.2 Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 386 14.2.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
388 14.2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 389 14.2.2.5 Alkaline FC (AFC)
390 14.2.2.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 391 14.2.3 Advantages of Fuel
Cells 394 14.2.3.1 Efficiency 394 14.2.3.2 Low Emissions 394 14.2.3.3
Noiseless 394 14.2.4 Applications 394 14.3 Biofuel Cells 395 14.3.1
Introduction 395 14.3.2 Categories of Biofuel 395 14.3.2.1 First-Generation
Biofuel 395 14.3.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuel 399 14.3.2.3
Third-Generation Biofuel 399 14.3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuel 399 14.3.3
Advantages of Biofuels 399 14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells 399 14.4.1 Microbial
Fuel Cell 399 14.4.1.1 Basic Principles of MFC 401 14.4.1.2 Types of MFCs
403 14.4.1.3 Mechanism of Electron Transfer 404 14.4.1.4 Uses of MFCs 405
14.4.1.5 Advantages of MFCs 406 14.4.1.6 Disadvantage of MFCs 407 14.4.2
Enzymatic Biofuel Cells (EBCs) 407 14.4.2.1 Principle/Mechanism 407
14.4.2.2 Working of EBCs 407 14.4.2.3 Immobilization of an Enzyme 408
14.4.3 Glucose Biofuel Cells (GBFCs) 409 14.4.4 Photochemical Biofuel Cell
411 14.4.5 Flexible or Stretchable Biofuel Cell 412 14.5 Conclusion 413
References 413 15 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A
Roadmap Towards Sustainability 423 Biswajit Debnath, Moumita Sardar,
Khushbu K. Birawat, Indrashis Saha and Ankita Das 15.1 Introduction 423
15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells 425 15.3 Enzymatic
Biofuel Cells 429 15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells 432 15.5 Fuels for Biofuel
Cells 434 15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability 434 15.7 Conclusion and Future
Direction 438 Acknowledgement 439 References 439 16 Anodes for Biofuel
Cells 449 Naveen Patel, Dibyajyoti Mukherjee, Ishu Vansal, Rama Pati Mishra
and Vinod Kumar Chaudhary 16.1 Introduction 450 16.2 Anode Material
Properties 451 16.3 Anode 452 16.3.1 Non-Carbon Anode Materials 452 16.3.2
Carbon Anode Materials 453 16.4 Anode Modification 453 16.4.1 Anode
Modification With Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 453 16.4.2 Graphite-Based Material
for Anode Electrode Modification 454 16.4.3 Anode Modification With
Nanocomposite of Metal Oxides 454 16.4.4 Anode Modification With Conducting
Polymer 455 16.4.5 Chemical and Electrochemical Anode Modifications 456
16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives 456 16.6 Conclusion 457
Acknowledgements 457 References 457 17 Applications of Biofuel Cells 465
Joel Joseph, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor and Prabhakar
Sivaraman 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Fuel Cell 467 17.3 Biofuel Cells 468
17.3.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell 469 17.3.1.1 At Anode Chamber 470 17.3.1.2 At
Cathode Chamber 471 17.3.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell 471 17.3.3 Mammalian
Biofuel Cell 472 17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell 473
17.4.1 Implantable Biofuel Cell for Pacemakers or Artificial Urinary
Sphincter 473 17.4.2 Implantable Medical Devices Powered by Mammalian
Biofuel Cells 474 17.4.3 Medical Devices Using PEM Fuel Cell 475 17.4.4
Implantable Brain Machine Interface Using Glucose Fuel Cell 475 17.5 Single
Compartment EBFCs 476 17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration
Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell 476 17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy
Source 477 17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters
477 17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail 477 17.10 Application of Biofuel
Cell 478 17.11 Conclusion 479 References 479 Index 483