This volume presents comprehensive data mining concepts, theories, and applications in current biological and medical research. The first section of the book discusses challenges and opportunities in analyzing and mining biological sequences and structures to gain insight into molecular functions. The second section addresses emerging computational challenges in interpreting high-throughput omics data. The book then describes the relationships between data mining and related areas of computing, including knowledge representation, information retrieval, and data integration for structured and unstructured biological data. The last part explores data mining opportunities for biomedical applications.