Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world s most serious infectious diseases. It is estimated that a third of the world s population is latently infected and 8 million new cases are recorded each year. Although BCG vaccination triggers protective immune responses in the neonates, it confers protection against only certain forms of childhood TB. Therefore, we particularly focused on identification of biomarker (s) of infection and the development of better vaccines, with special emphasis on the immune responses in the respiratory tract.