This book of statistics is radiologist-friendly, that is, it is the only book to present just statistical problems and methods most frequently used in radiological studies. The aim of this book is to present statistical problems and methods in a friendly way to radiologists, emphasizing statistical issues and methods most frequently used in radiological studies (e.g., nonparametric tests, analysis of intra- and interobserver reproducibility, comparison of sensitivity and specificity among different imaging modality, difference between clinical and screening application of diagnostic tests,…mehr
This book of statistics is radiologist-friendly, that is, it is the only book to present just statistical problems and methods most frequently used in radiological studies.The aim of this book is to present statistical problems and methods in a friendly way to radiologists, emphasizing statistical issues and methods most frequently used in radiological studies (e.g., nonparametric tests, analysis of intra- and interobserver reproducibility, comparison of sensitivity and specificity among different imaging modality, difference between clinical and screening application of diagnostic tests, ect.). The tests will be presented starting from a radiological "problem" and all examples of statistical methods applications will be "radiological".
Artikelnr. des Verlages: 12446193, 978-88-470-1132-8
2009
Seitenzahl: 256
Erscheinungstermin: 28. November 2008
Englisch
Abmessung: 254mm x 178mm x 15mm
Gewicht: 488g
ISBN-13: 9788847011328
ISBN-10: 8847011329
Artikelnr.: 25910601
Inhaltsangabe
Introduction.-1 Diagnostic Performance.- 1.1. The Results of an Examination Compared to a Reference Standard.- 1.2 Measures of Diagnostic Performance.- 1.3 Sensitivity, Specificity, FN Rate and FP Rate.- 1.4 Predictive Values, Diagnostic Accuracy, and Disease Prevalence.- 1.5 Bayes' Theorem, Likelihood Ratios, and Graphs of Conditional Probability.- 1.6 Cutoff and ROC Curves.- 2 Variables and Measurement Scales, Normal Distribution, and Confidence Intervals.- 2.1 Variables and Measurement Scales.- 2.2 Gaussian Distribution.- 2.3 Basics of Descriptive Statistics.- 2.4 Standard Error of the Mean.- 2.5 Standard Error of the Difference between two Sample Means.- 2.6 Confidence Intervals.- 2.7 Confidence Interval of a Proportion.- 3 Null Hypothesis, Statistical Significance and Power.- 3.1 Null hypothesis and Principle of Falsification.- 3.2 Cutoff for Significance, Type I or a Error and Type II or ß Error.- 3.3 Statistical Power.- 3.4 Why 0.05?.- 3.5 How to Read a p Value.- 4 Parametric Statistics.- 4.1 The Foundations of Parametric Statistics.- 4.2 Comparison Between Two Sample Means: Student's t Test.- 4.2.1 The Link with Confidence Intervals.- 4.3 Comparing Three or More Sample Means:the Analysis of Variance.- 4.4 Parametric Statistics in Radiology .-5 Non-Parametric Statistics.- 5.1 One Sample with Two paired Measurements.- 5.2. Two Independent Samples.- 5.3 Three or More (k) Dependent Samples.- 5.4 Three or More (k) Independent Samples.- 5.5 Some Considerations Regarding Non-Parametric Tests.- 6 Linear Correlation and Regression.- 6.1 Association and Causation.- 6.2 Correlation between Continuous Variables.- 6.3 Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient.- 6.4 Test for Significance.- 6.5 Rank Correlation.- 6.6 Linear Regression.- 6.7 Interpreting the Regression Line.- 6.8 Limitations of the Use of the Regression Line.- 7 Reproducibility: Intraobserver andInterobserver Variability.- 7.1 Sources of Variability.- 7.2 Why Do We Need to Know the Variability of Measurements?.- 7.3 Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability for Continuous Variables: the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.4 Interpreting the Results of the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.5 Intra- and Interobserver Variability for Categorical Variables: the Cohen k.- 8 Study Design, Systematic Reviews, and Levels of Evidence.- 8.1 Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Pharmacologic Research.- 8.2 Study Classification.- 8.3 Experimental Studies and Control Group.- 8.4 Observational Studies.- 8.5 Randomized Controlled Studies: Alternative Approaches.- 8.6 Studies on Diagnostic Performance: Classification.- 8.7 Randomization and Minimization.- 8.8 Sample Size.- 8.9 Systematic Reviews (Meta-analyses).- 8.10 Levels of Evidence.- 9 Bias in Studies on Diagnostic Performance.- 9.1 Classification.- 9.2 Bias Affecting External Validity.- 9.3 Bias Affecting Internal Validity.- 9.4 A Lot of Work to Be Done.- 10 How to Write a Radiologic Paper.- 10.1 Major Papers, Minor Papers, Invited Papers.- 10.2 Which Medical Journal?.- 10.3 Do We Always Need Institutional Review Board Approval and Informed Consent?.- 10.4 Title, Running Title and Title Page.- 10.5 Four-section Scheme, Section Size and Editing Sequence.- 10.6 «Introduction»: Why Did You Do It?- 10.7. «Materials and Methods»: What Did You Do and How Did You Do It?- 10.8 «Results»: What Did You Find?- 10.9 «Discussion»: What Is the Meaning of Your Findings?- 10.10 «References».- 10.11 «Abstract» and «Keywords».- 10.12 Shared Rules.- 10.13 Other Recommendations.- 10.14 Dealing with the Editor's Response and the Reviewers' Opinions.- 10.15 To Conclude.- Analytical and noun index.
Introduction.-1 Diagnostic Performance.- 1.1. The Results of an Examination Compared to a Reference Standard.- 1.2 Measures of Diagnostic Performance.- 1.3 Sensitivity, Specificity, FN Rate and FP Rate.- 1.4 Predictive Values, Diagnostic Accuracy, and Disease Prevalence.- 1.5 Bayes' Theorem, Likelihood Ratios, and Graphs of Conditional Probability.- 1.6 Cutoff and ROC Curves.- 2 Variables and Measurement Scales, Normal Distribution, and Confidence Intervals.- 2.1 Variables and Measurement Scales.- 2.2 Gaussian Distribution.- 2.3 Basics of Descriptive Statistics.- 2.4 Standard Error of the Mean.- 2.5 Standard Error of the Difference between two Sample Means.- 2.6 Confidence Intervals.- 2.7 Confidence Interval of a Proportion.- 3 Null Hypothesis, Statistical Significance and Power.- 3.1 Null hypothesis and Principle of Falsification.- 3.2 Cutoff for Significance, Type I or a Error and Type II or ß Error.- 3.3 Statistical Power.- 3.4 Why 0.05?.- 3.5 How to Read a p Value.- 4 Parametric Statistics.- 4.1 The Foundations of Parametric Statistics.- 4.2 Comparison Between Two Sample Means: Student's t Test.- 4.2.1 The Link with Confidence Intervals.- 4.3 Comparing Three or More Sample Means:the Analysis of Variance.- 4.4 Parametric Statistics in Radiology .-5 Non-Parametric Statistics.- 5.1 One Sample with Two paired Measurements.- 5.2. Two Independent Samples.- 5.3 Three or More (k) Dependent Samples.- 5.4 Three or More (k) Independent Samples.- 5.5 Some Considerations Regarding Non-Parametric Tests.- 6 Linear Correlation and Regression.- 6.1 Association and Causation.- 6.2 Correlation between Continuous Variables.- 6.3 Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient.- 6.4 Test for Significance.- 6.5 Rank Correlation.- 6.6 Linear Regression.- 6.7 Interpreting the Regression Line.- 6.8 Limitations of the Use of the Regression Line.- 7 Reproducibility: Intraobserver andInterobserver Variability.- 7.1 Sources of Variability.- 7.2 Why Do We Need to Know the Variability of Measurements?.- 7.3 Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability for Continuous Variables: the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.4 Interpreting the Results of the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.5 Intra- and Interobserver Variability for Categorical Variables: the Cohen k.- 8 Study Design, Systematic Reviews, and Levels of Evidence.- 8.1 Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Pharmacologic Research.- 8.2 Study Classification.- 8.3 Experimental Studies and Control Group.- 8.4 Observational Studies.- 8.5 Randomized Controlled Studies: Alternative Approaches.- 8.6 Studies on Diagnostic Performance: Classification.- 8.7 Randomization and Minimization.- 8.8 Sample Size.- 8.9 Systematic Reviews (Meta-analyses).- 8.10 Levels of Evidence.- 9 Bias in Studies on Diagnostic Performance.- 9.1 Classification.- 9.2 Bias Affecting External Validity.- 9.3 Bias Affecting Internal Validity.- 9.4 A Lot of Work to Be Done.- 10 How to Write a Radiologic Paper.- 10.1 Major Papers, Minor Papers, Invited Papers.- 10.2 Which Medical Journal?.- 10.3 Do We Always Need Institutional Review Board Approval and Informed Consent?.- 10.4 Title, Running Title and Title Page.- 10.5 Four-section Scheme, Section Size and Editing Sequence.- 10.6 «Introduction»: Why Did You Do It?- 10.7. «Materials and Methods»: What Did You Do and How Did You Do It?- 10.8 «Results»: What Did You Find?- 10.9 «Discussion»: What Is the Meaning of Your Findings?- 10.10 «References».- 10.11 «Abstract» and «Keywords».- 10.12 Shared Rules.- 10.13 Other Recommendations.- 10.14 Dealing with the Editor's Response and the Reviewers' Opinions.- 10.15 To Conclude.- Analytical and noun index.
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