Tobias Fertig, Andreas Schütz

Blockchain

The Comprehensive Guide to Blockchain Development, Ethereum, Solidity, and Smart Contracts

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Demystify the blockchain-and learn how to use it-with this practical guide. Start from the ground up: What is Ethereum? What is Solidity? And how are they used to create smart contracts? Then see how to implement your own blockchain, including configuring a peer-to-peer network, managing miner accounts, and more. Follow step-by-step instructions and detailed code examples to develop smart contracts and dApps. Work with cutting-edge technologies such as Bitcoin, DeFi, NFTs, and more. Welcome to the world of blockchain!

In this book, you'll learn about:

a. Blockchain Basics
You've heard the hype around Bitcoin, NFTs, and crypto mining. But how does the underlying blockchain technology work? Understand the fundamentals of the distributed ledger, and learn how to create and manage your own blockchain.

b. Application Development
Master smart contracts, from programming with Solidity to testing, debugging, deployment, and beyond. Develop decentralizedapplications (dApps) and expand them into a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) by implementing a frontend with ether.js.

c. Tips from the Experts
Follow guidance from experienced blockchain programmers. Use commented code examples as templates for your projects to get started building your own blockchain and smart contracts in the real world.

Highlights include:

1) Blockchain basics and creation
2) Smart contracts and dApps
3) Development with Solidity
4) Testing, debugging, and security
5) Web APIs
6) Peer-to-peer frameworks
7) Accounts and balances
8) Transaction and block verification
9) Gas optimization
10) Decentralized finance (DeFi)
11) Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)
12) Yul and Huff contracts

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Rheinwerk Computing / Rheinwerk Verlag
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 459/22513
• Seitenzahl: 654
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Januar 2025
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 254mm x 178mm x 34mm
• Gewicht: 1144g
• ISBN-13: 9781493225132
• ISBN-10: 1493225138
• Artikelnr.: 70311035

Autorenporträt

Prof. Dr. Tobias Fertig has worked as a smart contract developer and researcher since 2015. He has been enthusiastic about Ethereum since its beginning and has taught programming, software engineering, and distributed systems for several years. His lecture about blockchain and smart contracts has been delivered during international teaching weeks all over Europe. Together with Andreas Schütz, he is the founder of Schütz & Fertig GmbH, which focuses on developing and auditing smart contracts. Since 2024, Tobias is the professor of Blockchain and Secure Decentralized Applications at the Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt (THWS) in Germany.

Inhaltsangabe

... Foreword ... 21

... Preface ... 25

1 ... Introduction ... 29

1.1 ... What Is Blockchain? ... 29

1.2 ... History of Blockchain ... 36

1.3 ... Application of Blockchain Technology ... 47

1.4 ... Summary ... 66

2 ... The Basics: How Blockchain Works ... 69

2.1 ... Cryptography Basics ... 69

2.2 ... The Blockchain ... 81

2.3 ... Alternative Consensus Models ... 111

2.4 ... Blockchain Security ... 119

2.5 ... Summary ... 128

3 ... Ethereum: Blockchain 2.0 ... 131

3.1 ... Basics of Ethereum ... 132

3.2 ... From Blocks to Blockchain 2.0 ... 144

3.3 ... The Blockchain System 2.0 ... 152

3.4 ... Further Development of the Ethereum Platform ... 170

3.5 ... Summary ... 177

4 ... Fundamentals of Creating Your Own Blockchain ... 179

4.1 ... Transactions: The Smallest Units of a Blockchain ... 181

4.2 ... Block Header: Calculating the Block ID ... 183

4.3 ... Chaining Blocks ... 184

4.4 ... Storing the Blockchain State Persistently ... 186

4.5 ... The Genesis Block: Initializing a Blockchain ... 188

4.6 ... Pending Transactions ... 189

4.7 ... The Difficulty of a Blockchain ... 191

4.8 ... Let's Mine: The Miner Thread ... 192

4.9 ... Summary and Outlook ... 196

5 ... Implementing a Web API for the Blockchain ... 199

5.1 ... The Endpoints of the Web API ... 200

5.2 ... Deploying the Web API ... 205

5.3 ... Sending Transactions via a Web Interface ... 209

5.4 ... Implementing Your Own Block Explorer ... 212

5.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 219

6 ... Implementing a Peer-to-Peer Network ... 221

6.1 ... Configuration of the Peer-to-Peer Framework ... 222

6.2 ... Broadcasting Transactions to the Network ... 225

6.3 ... Broadcasting Blocks to the Network ... 228

6.4 ... The Longest Chain Rule ... 229

6.5 ... Adding New Nodes to the Network ... 233

6.6 ... Summary and Outlook ... 235

7 ... Introducing Accounts and Balances ... 237

7.1 ... Rewarding Miners ... 238

7.2 ... Managing Accounts ... 241

7.3 ... Integrating Accounts ... 245

7.4 ... Integrating Accounts into the Block Explorer ... 246

7.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 251

8 ... Implementing Verification and Optimizations ... 253

8.1 ... Signing Transactions ... 253

8.2 ... Enforcing Constraints ... 256

8.3 ... Locking and Unlocking Balances ... 258

8.4 ... Optimizing Performance via Merkle Trees ... 261

8.5 ... Optimizing Storage by Shortening the Public Keys ... 264

8.6 ... Supporting Initial Balances in the Genesis Block ... 265

8.7 ... Additional Optimizations ... 266

8.8 ... Summary and Outlook ... 267

9 ... Smart Contract Development ... 269

9.1 ... Smart Contract Basics ... 270

9.2 ... Simple Smart Contracts with Bitcoin Script ... 272

9.3 ... Advanced Smart Contracts ... 279

9.4 ... Contract-Oriented Programming ... 282

9.5 ... The Challenge of Random Number Generators ... 287

9.6 ... Trusting Off-Chain Data ... 291

9.7 ... Time Dependencies ... 292

9.8 ... Summary and Outlook ... 293

10 ... Integrated Development Environments and Frameworks ... 295

10.1 ... Integrated Development Environments ... 295

10.2 ... Contract-Oriented Frameworks ... 300

10.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 313

11 ... An Introduction to Solidity ... 315

11.1 ... The Basics of Solidity ... 315

11.2 ... Elements and Data Locations of a Contract ... 319

11.3 ... Available Data Types ... 331

11.4 ... Additional Features of Solidity ... 340

11.5 ... Creating Inheritance Hierarchies of Smart Contracts ... 347

11.6 ... Creating and Using Libraries ... 352

11.7 ... Summary and Outlook ... 356

12 ... Digging Deeper into Solidity ... 359

12.1 ... Low-Level Functions in Solidity ... 359

12.2 ... Using Assembly in Solidity Smart Contracts ... 363

12.3 ... Internal Layouts of Data Locations ... 371

12.4 ... Understanding the Contract ABI ... 375

12.5 ... Understanding the Bytecode Representation of Smart Contracts ... 376

12.6 ... Summary and Outlook ... 378

13 ... Testing and Debugging Smart Contracts ... 381

13.1 ... Testing Contracts with Remix ... 382

13.2 ... Implementing Tests with Foundry ... 386

13.3 ... Implementing Tests with Hardhat ... 391

13.4 ... Debugging Smart Contracts ... 394

13.5 ... Fork Testing Ethereum-Based Chains ... 396

13.6 ... Summary and Outlook ... 398

14 ... Understanding and Optimizing Gas Costs ... 401

14.1 ... Understanding Gas Costs in Ethereum ... 401

14.2 ... Understanding the Compiler Optimizer ... 405

14.3 ... Basic Guidelines for Gas Optimization ... 407

14.4 ... Optimizations Derived from Traditional Efficiency Rules ... 411

14.5 ... Advanced Gas Optimization ... 414

14.6 ... Expert Gas Optimizations ... 418

14.7 ... Additional Optimizations for Different Use Cases ... 423

14.8 ... Helpful Tools for Gas Optimizations ... 424

14.9 ... Summary and Outlook ... 425

15 ... Protecting and Securing Smart Contracts ... 427

15.1 ... General Security Recommendations ... 427

15.2 ... Example Attacks on Smart Contracts ... 431

15.3 ... Auditing Smart Contracts via Slither ... 454

15.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 455

16 ... Deploying and Managing Smart Contracts ... 457

16.1 ... Setting Up MetaMask and Using Accounts ... 458

16.2 ... Deploying Contracts with Remix and MetaMask ... 459

16.3 ... Deploying Contracts with Foundry ... 462

16.4 ... Deploying Contracts with Hardhat ... 465

16.5 ... Publishing and Verifying Code on Etherscan ... 469

16.6 ... Setting Up and Running Your Own Ethereum Node ... 472

16.7 ... Managing Contracts after Deployment ... 474

16.8 ... Summary and Outlook ... 476

17 ... Standards, Libraries, and Design Patterns ... 479

17.1 ... ERC-173 Contract Ownership Standard ... 479

17.2 ... ERC-165 Standardized Interface Detection ... 481

17.3 ... ERC-20 Token Standard ... 485

17.4 ... ERC-777 Token Standard ... 488

17.5 ... ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard ... 489

17.6 ... ERC-1155 Multi-Token Standard ... 494

17.7 ... Using OpenZeppelin Libraries ... 496

17.8 ... The Publish-Subscribe Design Pattern ... 496

17.9 ... The Checks-Effects-Interactions Pattern ... 500

17.10 ... Summary and Outlook ... 500

18 ... Upgrading Smart Contracts ... 503

18.1 ... Basics of Upgrade Mechanisms ... 503

18.2 ... Performing Contract Migrations ... 504

18.3 ... Separation of Data and Business Logic ... 508

18.4 ... The Proxy Pattern ... 513

18.5 ... The Diamonds Pattern ... 517

18.6 ... Additional Mechanisms and Considerations ... 520

18.7 ... The Metamorphic Smart Contract Exploit ... 521

18.8 ... Summary and Outlook ... 526

19 ... Developing Decentralized Applications ... 529

19.1 ... What Is a Decentralized Application? ... 529

19.2 ... The Development Process for a DApp ... 530

19.3 ... Developing the Smart Contracts of Your First DApp ... 533

19.4 ... Developing the Off-Chain Elements of Your First DApp ... 537

19.5 ... Hosting the Frontend of Your First DApp in a Decentralized Manner ... 543

19.6 ... Setting Up ENS Domains ... 545

19.7 ... Summary and Outlook ... 550

20 ... Upgrading Your First DApp to a DAO ... 553

20.1 ... What Is a Decentralized Autonomous Organization? ... 553

20.2 ... Implementing a Governance Contract for Your DAO ... 554

20.3 ... Implementing the Frontend with Vue.js and Ethers.js ... 558

20.4 ... Ideas for Additional Backend and Oracle Services ... 568

20.5 ... Deploying Your DApp and Assigning an ENS Domain ... 569

20.6 ... Additional Frameworks, Tools, and Libraries ... 569

20.7 ... Summary and Outlook ... 571

21 ... Reverse Engineering Smart Contracts ... 573

21.1 ... Why Reverse Engineer? ... 573

21.2 ... Manual Reverse Engineering ... 575

21.3 ... Manual Recovery of a Contract ABI ... 586

21.4 ... Tools for Reverse Engineering Smart Contracts ... 590

21.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 594

22 ... Additional Contract-Oriented Programming Languages ... 595

22.1 ... Yul: The Intermediate Language for Different Backends ... 596

22.2 ... Huff: Highly Optimized Smart Contracts ... 605

22.3 ... Vyper: Smart Contracts for Everyone? ... 610

22.4 ... Comparison of Gas Costs ... 614

22.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 615

23 ... Applying Blockchain Technologies ... 617

23.1 ... Decentralized Finance ... 617

23.2 ... Developing and Minting NFTs ... 622

23.3 ... Ethereum Layer 2 Solutions ... 629

23.4 ... Other Blockchain 2.0 Projects ... 631

23.5 ... A Different Blockchain Approach: Ripple ... 633

23.6 ... Summary ... 635

... Appendices ... 637

A ... Bibliography ... 637

B ... The Authors ... 639

... Index ... 641