Corky Binggeli
Building Systems for Interior Designers
Corky Binggeli
Building Systems for Interior Designers
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Designers refer to mechanical, electrical and plumbing equipment collectively as building systems. Interior design students are required to study building systems, and mastery of the subject is required to pass the NCIDQ professional qualification exam for interior designers. This text covers technical building systems, mechanical, electrical and plumbing equipment and relevant vocabulary so interior designers can effectively communicate and co-ordinate with architects and engineers.
Designers refer to mechanical, electrical and plumbing equipment collectively as building systems. Interior design students are required to study building systems, and mastery of the subject is required to pass the NCIDQ professional qualification exam for interior designers. This text covers technical building systems, mechanical, electrical and plumbing equipment and relevant vocabulary so interior designers can effectively communicate and co-ordinate with architects and engineers.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: WILEY & SONS
- Seitenzahl: 464
- Englisch
- Gewicht: 1380g
- ISBN-13: 9780471417330
- ISBN-10: 0471417335
- Artikelnr.: 11098745
- Verlag: WILEY & SONS
- Seitenzahl: 464
- Englisch
- Gewicht: 1380g
- ISBN-13: 9780471417330
- ISBN-10: 0471417335
- Artikelnr.: 11098745
CORKY BINGGELI, ASID, is a principal at Corky Binggeli Interior Design in Boston and an adjunct lecturer at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
PART I: THE BIG PICTURE.
Chapter 1 Natural Resources.
Chapter 2 Building Site Conditions.
Chapter 3 Designing for Building Functions.
Chapter 4 The Human Body and the Built Environment.
Chapter 5 Building Codes.
PART II: WATER AND WASTES.
Chapter 6 Sources of Water.
Chapter 7 Water Quality.
Chapter 8 Water Distribution.
Chapter 9 Hot Water.
Chapter 10 Waste Plumbing.
Chapter 11 Treating and Recycling Water.
Chapter 12 Recycling Solid Wastes.
Chapter 13 Plumbing Fixtures.
Chapter 14 Designing Bath and Toilet Rooms.
PART III: THERMAL COMFORT.
Chapter 15 Principles of Thermal Comfort.
Chapter 16 Thermal Capacity and Resistance.
Chapter 17 Humidity.
Chapter 18 Mechanical Engineering Design Process.
Chapter 19 Indoor Air Contaminants.
Chapter 20 Designing for Indoor Air Quality.
Chapter 21 Ventilation.
Chapter 22 Fenestration.
Chapter 23 Solar Heating.
PART IV: HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 24 Heating Systems.
Chapter 25 Cooling.
Chapter 26 Heating,Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems.
PART V: ELECTRICITY.
Chapter 27 How Electrical Systems Work.
Chapter 28 Electrical Service Equipment.
Chapter 29 Electrical Circuit Design.
Chapter 30 Electrical Wiring and Distribution.
Chapter 31 Receptacles and Switches.
Chapter 32 Residential Appliances.
PART VI: LIGHTING.
Chapter 33 Daylighting.
Chapter 34 Lighting Design.
Chapter 35 Lighting for Specific Spaces.
PART VII: SECURITY AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS.
Chapter 36 Communications and Control Systems.
Chapter 37 Securing the Building.
Chapter 38 Systems for Private Residences.
Chapter 39 Other Security and Communications Applications.
Chapter 40 Office Communications Systems.
PART VIII: FIRE SAFETY.
Chapter 41 Principles of Fire Safety.
Chapter 42 Design for Fire Safety.
Chapter 43 Escape Routes.
Chapter 44 Limiting Fuels.
Chapter 45 Fire Suppression.
Chapter 46 Fire Detection and Alarms.
PART IX: CONVEYING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 47 Elevators.
Chapter 48 Escalators.
Chapter 49 Materials Handling.
PART X: ACOUSTICS.
Chapter 50 Acoustic Principles.
Chapter 51 Acoustic Design.
Chapter 52 Sound Absorption Within a Space.
Chapter 53 Sound Transmission Between Spaces.
Chapter 54 Acoustic Applications.
Chapter 55 Electronic Sound Systems.
Index.
Acknowledgments.
PART I: THE BIG PICTURE.
Chapter 1 Natural Resources.
Chapter 2 Building Site Conditions.
Chapter 3 Designing for Building Functions.
Chapter 4 The Human Body and the Built Environment.
Chapter 5 Building Codes.
PART II: WATER AND WASTES.
Chapter 6 Sources of Water.
Chapter 7 Water Quality.
Chapter 8 Water Distribution.
Chapter 9 Hot Water.
Chapter 10 Waste Plumbing.
Chapter 11 Treating and Recycling Water.
Chapter 12 Recycling Solid Wastes.
Chapter 13 Plumbing Fixtures.
Chapter 14 Designing Bath and Toilet Rooms.
PART III: THERMAL COMFORT.
Chapter 15 Principles of Thermal Comfort.
Chapter 16 Thermal Capacity and Resistance.
Chapter 17 Humidity.
Chapter 18 Mechanical Engineering Design Process.
Chapter 19 Indoor Air Contaminants.
Chapter 20 Designing for Indoor Air Quality.
Chapter 21 Ventilation.
Chapter 22 Fenestration.
Chapter 23 Solar Heating.
PART IV: HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 24 Heating Systems.
Chapter 25 Cooling.
Chapter 26 Heating,Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems.
PART V: ELECTRICITY.
Chapter 27 How Electrical Systems Work.
Chapter 28 Electrical Service Equipment.
Chapter 29 Electrical Circuit Design.
Chapter 30 Electrical Wiring and Distribution.
Chapter 31 Receptacles and Switches.
Chapter 32 Residential Appliances.
PART VI: LIGHTING.
Chapter 33 Daylighting.
Chapter 34 Lighting Design.
Chapter 35 Lighting for Specific Spaces.
PART VII: SECURITY AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS.
Chapter 36 Communications and Control Systems.
Chapter 37 Securing the Building.
Chapter 38 Systems for Private Residences.
Chapter 39 Other Security and Communications Applications.
Chapter 40 Office Communications Systems.
PART VIII: FIRE SAFETY.
Chapter 41 Principles of Fire Safety.
Chapter 42 Design for Fire Safety.
Chapter 43 Escape Routes.
Chapter 44 Limiting Fuels.
Chapter 45 Fire Suppression.
Chapter 46 Fire Detection and Alarms.
PART IX: CONVEYING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 47 Elevators.
Chapter 48 Escalators.
Chapter 49 Materials Handling.
PART X: ACOUSTICS.
Chapter 50 Acoustic Principles.
Chapter 51 Acoustic Design.
Chapter 52 Sound Absorption Within a Space.
Chapter 53 Sound Transmission Between Spaces.
Chapter 54 Acoustic Applications.
Chapter 55 Electronic Sound Systems.
Index.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
PART I THE BUILDING, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
CHAPTER 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site 3
Introduction 3
Climate Change 4
Energy Sources 5
Electricity 5
Renewable Energy Sources 5
Non-Sustainable Energy Sources 9
Global Climate Change 10
Energy Consumption by Buildings 11
Building Site Conditions 12
Building Placement 12
Climates 12
Site Conditions 14
Interior Layout 18
Existing Buildings 18
CHAPTER 2 Designing for the Environment 19
Introduction 19
Building Envelope 19
History 20
Dynamic Building Envelope 20
Building Envelope and Codes 21
Exterior Walls 21
Roofs 22
Heat Flow and the Building Envelope 24
Terminology 24
Thermodynamics 24
Heat Flow and Building Envelope 25
Moisture Flow through Building Envelope 27
Envelope Thermal Performance 28
Insulation Materials 28
Air Films and Air Spaces 29
Insulation Types and Forms 30
Energy-Efficient Design 32
Passive Systems 32
Active Solar and Hybrid Systems 34
The Design Process 34
The Design Team 34
Integrated Design 36
Sustainable Design 36
Energy Efficiency and Conservation 36
Sustainability and Green Design 36
Energy and Materials 37
Setting Sustainability Goals 38
Sustainable Design Strategies 38
LEED System 39
High Performance Buildings 39
CHAPTER 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety 41
Introduction 41
Human Body and the Built Environment 41
Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium 41
Visual and Acoustic Comfort 44
Other Human Environmental Requirements 45
Hazardous Materials 46
Renovation Considerations 46
Lead 46
Asbestos 46
Mold 47
Building Codes and Standards 47
Building Codes 47
Standards and Organizations 48
Federal Codes and Regulations 49
Energy Efficiency Requirements 50
PART II BUILDING COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements 53
Introduction 53
History 53
Building Form 54
Structural System 54
Foundations 54
Building Loads 55
Types of Building Loads 56
Compression, Defl ection, and Tension 56
Spanning Openings 56
Vertical Supports 59
Lateral Forces 61
Shearing Forces 61
Grid Frameworks 62
Service Cores 62
Structural Types 63
Light Frame Structures 63
Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber 63
Masonry Structures 64
Concrete Structures 67
Metal Structures 68
Other Structural Types 69
CHAPTER 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs 70
Introduction 70
Horizontal Structural Units 70
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 70
Interior Design Concerns 72
Floor Systems 72
Wall Systems 74
Load-Bearing Walls and Frames 74
Interior Walls and Partitions 75
Stairs and Ramps 75
Stairs 75
Ramps 81
CHAPTER 6 Windows and Doors 83
Introduction 83
History 83
Windows 84
Window Selection 84
Window Types 85
Glazing 87
Window Frames 89
Storm Windows and Screens 89
Thermal Transmission 90
Shading and Solar Control 92
Toplighting and Skylights 94
Toplighting 94
Doors 96
Thermal Performance 96
Exterior Doors 96
Interior Doors 97
Door Types 99
Fire Doors 101
Door Hardware 102
PART III ACOUSTICS
CHAPTER 7 Acoustic Design Principles 105
Introduction 105
Sound Basics 105
Sound Propagation 105
Sound Waves 106
Frequency 106
Sound Magnitude 106
Hearing 107
Human Ear 107
Loudness 107
Sound Masking 108
Directivity and Discrimination 109
Sound Sources 109
Speech 109
Music 109
Noise 109
Vibration 110
Sound Paths 110
Attenuation 110
Reflected Sound 110
Natural Sound Reinforcement 112
Absorbed Sound 113
CHAPTER 8 Architectural Acoustics 114
Introduction 114
History 114
Acoustic Codes and Standards 115
Acoustic Design 115
Design Process 115
Room Acoustics 115
Building Noise Control 116
Controlling Exterior Noise 116
Controlling Interior Noise 117
Background Noise 118
Sound Transmission 118
Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 118
Measuring Sound Transmission 120
Sound Absorption 121
Reducing Acoustic Energy 121
Measuring Sound Absorption 121
Reverberation 124
Sound Isolation 124
Mass 124
Resiliency 125
Tightness 125
Compound Barriers 125
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 125
Special Acoustic Devices 126
Sound Transmission Between Spaces 126
Walls and Partitions 126
Flanking Paths 126
Impact Noise 129
Materials and Acoustics 130
Acoustic Products 130
Ceiling Products 130
Wall Panels 133
Flooring 133
Window Treatments and Upholstery 134
Acoustic Applications 134
Acoustic Criteria 135
Offices 135
Music Performance Spaces 138
Auditoriums 138
Lecture Rooms 139
Schools 139
Public Toilet Rooms 139
Residential Buildings 139
Electronic Sound Systems 141
Sound Reinforcement Systems 141
Sound Systems for Specifi c Spaces 141
PART IV WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 9 Water Supply Systems 145
Introduction 145
History 145
Codes and Testing 146
Plumbing and Construction Drawings 146
Water Sources and Use 146
Water Use 146
Hydrologic Cycle 148
Precipitation 148
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Stormwater 149
Conservation 150
Protecting the Water Supply 151
Water Distribution 151
Well Water 151
Municipal Water Supply Systems 152
Water Quality 152
Distribution within Buildings 153
Hot Water 158
Hot Water Heaters 160
Chilled Water 163
Gas Supply and Distribution 163
CHAPTER 10 Waste and Reuse Systems 164
Introduction 164
History 165
Sanitary Waste Systems 165
Sanitary Piping Elements 165
Residential Waste Piping 170
Large Building Waste Piping 170
Treating and Recycling Wastewater 171
Recycled Water 171
Rural Sewage Treatment 172
Centralized Sewage Treatment Systems 174
Solid Waste Systems 174
Recycling 174
Small Building Solid Waste Collection 174
Large Building Solid Waste Collection 175
CHAPTER 11 Fixtures and Appliances 176
Introduction 176
History of Bathrooms 176
Plumbing Fixtures 177
General Code Requirements 177
Bathroom Fixtures 178
Water Closets 179
Urinals 182
Bidets 183
Lavatories and Sinks 184
Bathtubs 186
Showers 191
Steam Rooms and Saunas 194
Residential Bathroom Design 194
Bathroom Design History 195
Bathroom Planning 195
Designing Public Toilet Rooms 196
Toilet Room Accessibility 196
Drinking Fountains 196
Appliances and Equipment 197
Residential Kitchens 197
Residential Appliances 198
Laundry Areas 201
Compressed Air 202
PART V HEATING, COOLING, AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort 205
Introduction 205
History 205
Thermal Comfort 206
Designing for Thermal Comfort 206
Comfort Range 209
Principles of Heat Transfer 211
Thermal Energy Transfer 211
Air Temperature and Air Motion 214
Water Vapor and Heat Transfer 215
Thermal Capacity and Resistance 216
Thermal Mass 216
Thermal Conductivity 218
Thermal Resistance 218
Thermal Feel 218
Mechanical Engineering Design Process 219
Phases of Design Process 219
Thermal Comfort Zones 220
Heating and Cooling Loads 220
CHAPTER 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control 222
Introduction 222
ASHRAE Standards and LEED 222
Indoor Air Quality 223
Illnesses Related to Buildings 223
Sources of Pollution 224
Indoor Air Quality Equipment 226
Plants and Indoor Air Quality 228
Controls for Indoor Air Quality 229
Infiltration and Ventilation 229
Infiltration 229
Ventilation 229
Natural Ventilation 230
Attic and Roof Ventilation 232
Mechanical Ventilation 233
Residential Ventilation Systems 233
Fans 235
Humidity and Moisture Control 239
Water Movement 239
Humidity 239
Condensation 240
Dehumidification 242
CHAPTER 14 Heating and Cooling 243
Introduction 243
Architectural and Engineering Considerations 243
HVAC Design Process 244
History 245
Building Energy Conservation 246
Codes and Standards 247
Heating Systems 247
Central Heating Systems 248
Building Heating Fuels 248
Solar Space Heating 249
Fireplaces and Wood-Burning Stoves 250
Mechanical Heating Systems 253
Radiant Heating 255
Electric-Resistance Heat 257
Natural Convection Heating Units 258
Warm-Air Heating 259
Cooling Systems 262
History of Cooling 262
Passive Cooling 263
Mechanical Cooling 263
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 267
HVAC Zones 268
HVAC System Components 268
HVAC Distribution 269
Terminal Delivery Devices 270
Control Systems 271
PART VI ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 15 Electrical System Basics 275
Introduction 275
History 275
Electrical System Design Process 276
Codes and Standards 276
Principles of Electricity 277
Types of Electricity 277
Electrical Current 278
Electrical Power Sources 280
Photovoltaic (PV) Power 281
Other Electrical Energy Sources 283
Electricity and Safety 283
Electrical Shocks 283
Grounding 284
Electrical Fire Safety 285
Circuit Protection 285
CHAPTER 16 Electrical Distribution 288
Introduction 288
Electrical System Design Procedure 288
Electrical Service Equipment 289
Electrical Power Distribution Systems 289
Interior Distribution 293
Branch Circuits 293
Electrical Wiring and Distribution 294
Interior Wiring Systems 295
Full Access Floors and Wiring 297
Low-Voltage Wiring 298
Power Line Carrier Systems 298
Electrical Emergency Systems 298
Wireless Systems 299
Electrical Design for Residences 299
Residential Code Requirements 299
Residential Branch Circuits 300
Wiring Devices 302
Outlet and Device Boxes 303
Electrical Plugs 304
Electrical Receptacles 304
Switches 305
Electrical Loads 306
Residential Appliances 307
Appliance Control and Energy Conservation 311
CHAPTER 17 Lighting Systems 313
Introduction 313
History of Lighting 313
Lighting Design Team 314
Lighting Calculation Methods 314
Lighting Design Process 315
Lighting Codes and Standards 316
Light and Vision 317
Physics of Light 318
Vision 319
Color and Light 321
Quantity of Light 322
Glare 322
Lighting Effects 324
Daylighting 324
History of Daylighting 324
Characteristics of Daylight 324
Daylighting Design 325
Daylighting and Fenestration 326
Electric Lighting 328
History of Electric Lighting 328
Electric Lighting Design 328
Electric Light Sources 329
Characteristics of Sources 330
Selecting Light Sources 330
Luminaire Light Control 334
Light Source Controls 335
Remote Source Lighting 335
Luminaires 336
Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures 336
Lighting Fixture Selection 338
Lighting Controls 340
Tuning and Maintenance 341
Emergency Lighting 342
Lighting Design Applications 343
Residential Applications 343
Commercial Applications 343
PART VII FIRE SAFETY, CONVEYANCE, SECURITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 18 Fire Safety Design 347
Introduction 347
History 347
Design for Fire Safety 348
Basic Principles 348
Fire Risk 348
Combustion 349
Fire Safety Codes 350
Construction Types 351
Occupancy Hazard Classifications 351
Means of Egress 352
Building Types 352
Means of Egress Components 353
Protecting the Building 359
Compartmentation 360
Construction Assemblies and Elements 361
Materials and Fire Protection 364
Codes and Standards 364
Finish Classes and Test Ratings 365
Firefi ghting 366
Smoke Management 366
Fire Detection 367
Residential Detectors 368
Fire Alarm Systems 369
Residential Alarm Systems 369
Commercial and Institutional Systems 370
Alarm System Operation 370
Fire Suppression 371
Sprinkler Systems 372
Other Fire Suppression Systems 374
Portable Fire Extinguishers 374
CHAPTER 19 Conveyance Systems 376
Introduction 376
History 376
Codes and Standards 377
Elevators 377
Elevator Design 377
Elevator Machines 381
Passenger Elevators 381
Freight Elevators 383
Service Cars and Special Elevators 383
Elevator Security 384
Elevator Systems 384
Elevator Lobbies 384
Escalators and Moving Walks 384
Escalators 384
Moving Walks and Ramps 387
Materials Handling 388
Dumbwaiters 388
Conveyors 388
Pneumatic Systems 389
Automated Container Delivery Systems 389
CHAPTER 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment 390
Introduction 390
Signal Systems 390
Communication Systems 391
Residential Communications 391
Office Building Communications 392
School Communication Systems, 392
Data and Communications Wiring 392
Premise Wiring 393
Television 393
Telecommunications 394
Security Systems 394
Security Equipment 395
Control and Automation Equipment 396
Automation 396
Intelligent Buildings 396
Building Controls 397
Bibliography 398
Index 399
Acknowledgments xii
PART I THE BUILDING, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
CHAPTER 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site 3
Introduction 3
Climate Change 4
Energy Sources 5
Electricity 5
Renewable Energy Sources 5
Non-Sustainable Energy Sources 9
Global Climate Change 10
Energy Consumption by Buildings 11
Building Site Conditions 12
Building Placement 12
Climates 12
Site Conditions 14
Interior Layout 18
Existing Buildings 18
CHAPTER 2 Designing for the Environment 19
Introduction 19
Building Envelope 19
History 20
Dynamic Building Envelope 20
Building Envelope and Codes 21
Exterior Walls 21
Roofs 22
Heat Flow and the Building Envelope 24
Terminology 24
Thermodynamics 24
Heat Flow and Building Envelope 25
Moisture Flow through Building Envelope 27
Envelope Thermal Performance 28
Insulation Materials 28
Air Films and Air Spaces 29
Insulation Types and Forms 30
Energy-Efficient Design 32
Passive Systems 32
Active Solar and Hybrid Systems 34
The Design Process 34
The Design Team 34
Integrated Design 36
Sustainable Design 36
Energy Efficiency and Conservation 36
Sustainability and Green Design 36
Energy and Materials 37
Setting Sustainability Goals 38
Sustainable Design Strategies 38
LEED System 39
High Performance Buildings 39
CHAPTER 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety 41
Introduction 41
Human Body and the Built Environment 41
Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium 41
Visual and Acoustic Comfort 44
Other Human Environmental Requirements 45
Hazardous Materials 46
Renovation Considerations 46
Lead 46
Asbestos 46
Mold 47
Building Codes and Standards 47
Building Codes 47
Standards and Organizations 48
Federal Codes and Regulations 49
Energy Efficiency Requirements 50
PART II BUILDING COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements 53
Introduction 53
History 53
Building Form 54
Structural System 54
Foundations 54
Building Loads 55
Types of Building Loads 56
Compression, Defl ection, and Tension 56
Spanning Openings 56
Vertical Supports 59
Lateral Forces 61
Shearing Forces 61
Grid Frameworks 62
Service Cores 62
Structural Types 63
Light Frame Structures 63
Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber 63
Masonry Structures 64
Concrete Structures 67
Metal Structures 68
Other Structural Types 69
CHAPTER 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs 70
Introduction 70
Horizontal Structural Units 70
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 70
Interior Design Concerns 72
Floor Systems 72
Wall Systems 74
Load-Bearing Walls and Frames 74
Interior Walls and Partitions 75
Stairs and Ramps 75
Stairs 75
Ramps 81
CHAPTER 6 Windows and Doors 83
Introduction 83
History 83
Windows 84
Window Selection 84
Window Types 85
Glazing 87
Window Frames 89
Storm Windows and Screens 89
Thermal Transmission 90
Shading and Solar Control 92
Toplighting and Skylights 94
Toplighting 94
Doors 96
Thermal Performance 96
Exterior Doors 96
Interior Doors 97
Door Types 99
Fire Doors 101
Door Hardware 102
PART III ACOUSTICS
CHAPTER 7 Acoustic Design Principles 105
Introduction 105
Sound Basics 105
Sound Propagation 105
Sound Waves 106
Frequency 106
Sound Magnitude 106
Hearing 107
Human Ear 107
Loudness 107
Sound Masking 108
Directivity and Discrimination 109
Sound Sources 109
Speech 109
Music 109
Noise 109
Vibration 110
Sound Paths 110
Attenuation 110
Reflected Sound 110
Natural Sound Reinforcement 112
Absorbed Sound 113
CHAPTER 8 Architectural Acoustics 114
Introduction 114
History 114
Acoustic Codes and Standards 115
Acoustic Design 115
Design Process 115
Room Acoustics 115
Building Noise Control 116
Controlling Exterior Noise 116
Controlling Interior Noise 117
Background Noise 118
Sound Transmission 118
Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 118
Measuring Sound Transmission 120
Sound Absorption 121
Reducing Acoustic Energy 121
Measuring Sound Absorption 121
Reverberation 124
Sound Isolation 124
Mass 124
Resiliency 125
Tightness 125
Compound Barriers 125
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 125
Special Acoustic Devices 126
Sound Transmission Between Spaces 126
Walls and Partitions 126
Flanking Paths 126
Impact Noise 129
Materials and Acoustics 130
Acoustic Products 130
Ceiling Products 130
Wall Panels 133
Flooring 133
Window Treatments and Upholstery 134
Acoustic Applications 134
Acoustic Criteria 135
Offices 135
Music Performance Spaces 138
Auditoriums 138
Lecture Rooms 139
Schools 139
Public Toilet Rooms 139
Residential Buildings 139
Electronic Sound Systems 141
Sound Reinforcement Systems 141
Sound Systems for Specifi c Spaces 141
PART IV WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 9 Water Supply Systems 145
Introduction 145
History 145
Codes and Testing 146
Plumbing and Construction Drawings 146
Water Sources and Use 146
Water Use 146
Hydrologic Cycle 148
Precipitation 148
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Stormwater 149
Conservation 150
Protecting the Water Supply 151
Water Distribution 151
Well Water 151
Municipal Water Supply Systems 152
Water Quality 152
Distribution within Buildings 153
Hot Water 158
Hot Water Heaters 160
Chilled Water 163
Gas Supply and Distribution 163
CHAPTER 10 Waste and Reuse Systems 164
Introduction 164
History 165
Sanitary Waste Systems 165
Sanitary Piping Elements 165
Residential Waste Piping 170
Large Building Waste Piping 170
Treating and Recycling Wastewater 171
Recycled Water 171
Rural Sewage Treatment 172
Centralized Sewage Treatment Systems 174
Solid Waste Systems 174
Recycling 174
Small Building Solid Waste Collection 174
Large Building Solid Waste Collection 175
CHAPTER 11 Fixtures and Appliances 176
Introduction 176
History of Bathrooms 176
Plumbing Fixtures 177
General Code Requirements 177
Bathroom Fixtures 178
Water Closets 179
Urinals 182
Bidets 183
Lavatories and Sinks 184
Bathtubs 186
Showers 191
Steam Rooms and Saunas 194
Residential Bathroom Design 194
Bathroom Design History 195
Bathroom Planning 195
Designing Public Toilet Rooms 196
Toilet Room Accessibility 196
Drinking Fountains 196
Appliances and Equipment 197
Residential Kitchens 197
Residential Appliances 198
Laundry Areas 201
Compressed Air 202
PART V HEATING, COOLING, AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort 205
Introduction 205
History 205
Thermal Comfort 206
Designing for Thermal Comfort 206
Comfort Range 209
Principles of Heat Transfer 211
Thermal Energy Transfer 211
Air Temperature and Air Motion 214
Water Vapor and Heat Transfer 215
Thermal Capacity and Resistance 216
Thermal Mass 216
Thermal Conductivity 218
Thermal Resistance 218
Thermal Feel 218
Mechanical Engineering Design Process 219
Phases of Design Process 219
Thermal Comfort Zones 220
Heating and Cooling Loads 220
CHAPTER 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control 222
Introduction 222
ASHRAE Standards and LEED 222
Indoor Air Quality 223
Illnesses Related to Buildings 223
Sources of Pollution 224
Indoor Air Quality Equipment 226
Plants and Indoor Air Quality 228
Controls for Indoor Air Quality 229
Infiltration and Ventilation 229
Infiltration 229
Ventilation 229
Natural Ventilation 230
Attic and Roof Ventilation 232
Mechanical Ventilation 233
Residential Ventilation Systems 233
Fans 235
Humidity and Moisture Control 239
Water Movement 239
Humidity 239
Condensation 240
Dehumidification 242
CHAPTER 14 Heating and Cooling 243
Introduction 243
Architectural and Engineering Considerations 243
HVAC Design Process 244
History 245
Building Energy Conservation 246
Codes and Standards 247
Heating Systems 247
Central Heating Systems 248
Building Heating Fuels 248
Solar Space Heating 249
Fireplaces and Wood-Burning Stoves 250
Mechanical Heating Systems 253
Radiant Heating 255
Electric-Resistance Heat 257
Natural Convection Heating Units 258
Warm-Air Heating 259
Cooling Systems 262
History of Cooling 262
Passive Cooling 263
Mechanical Cooling 263
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 267
HVAC Zones 268
HVAC System Components 268
HVAC Distribution 269
Terminal Delivery Devices 270
Control Systems 271
PART VI ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 15 Electrical System Basics 275
Introduction 275
History 275
Electrical System Design Process 276
Codes and Standards 276
Principles of Electricity 277
Types of Electricity 277
Electrical Current 278
Electrical Power Sources 280
Photovoltaic (PV) Power 281
Other Electrical Energy Sources 283
Electricity and Safety 283
Electrical Shocks 283
Grounding 284
Electrical Fire Safety 285
Circuit Protection 285
CHAPTER 16 Electrical Distribution 288
Introduction 288
Electrical System Design Procedure 288
Electrical Service Equipment 289
Electrical Power Distribution Systems 289
Interior Distribution 293
Branch Circuits 293
Electrical Wiring and Distribution 294
Interior Wiring Systems 295
Full Access Floors and Wiring 297
Low-Voltage Wiring 298
Power Line Carrier Systems 298
Electrical Emergency Systems 298
Wireless Systems 299
Electrical Design for Residences 299
Residential Code Requirements 299
Residential Branch Circuits 300
Wiring Devices 302
Outlet and Device Boxes 303
Electrical Plugs 304
Electrical Receptacles 304
Switches 305
Electrical Loads 306
Residential Appliances 307
Appliance Control and Energy Conservation 311
CHAPTER 17 Lighting Systems 313
Introduction 313
History of Lighting 313
Lighting Design Team 314
Lighting Calculation Methods 314
Lighting Design Process 315
Lighting Codes and Standards 316
Light and Vision 317
Physics of Light 318
Vision 319
Color and Light 321
Quantity of Light 322
Glare 322
Lighting Effects 324
Daylighting 324
History of Daylighting 324
Characteristics of Daylight 324
Daylighting Design 325
Daylighting and Fenestration 326
Electric Lighting 328
History of Electric Lighting 328
Electric Lighting Design 328
Electric Light Sources 329
Characteristics of Sources 330
Selecting Light Sources 330
Luminaire Light Control 334
Light Source Controls 335
Remote Source Lighting 335
Luminaires 336
Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures 336
Lighting Fixture Selection 338
Lighting Controls 340
Tuning and Maintenance 341
Emergency Lighting 342
Lighting Design Applications 343
Residential Applications 343
Commercial Applications 343
PART VII FIRE SAFETY, CONVEYANCE, SECURITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 18 Fire Safety Design 347
Introduction 347
History 347
Design for Fire Safety 348
Basic Principles 348
Fire Risk 348
Combustion 349
Fire Safety Codes 350
Construction Types 351
Occupancy Hazard Classifications 351
Means of Egress 352
Building Types 352
Means of Egress Components 353
Protecting the Building 359
Compartmentation 360
Construction Assemblies and Elements 361
Materials and Fire Protection 364
Codes and Standards 364
Finish Classes and Test Ratings 365
Firefi ghting 366
Smoke Management 366
Fire Detection 367
Residential Detectors 368
Fire Alarm Systems 369
Residential Alarm Systems 369
Commercial and Institutional Systems 370
Alarm System Operation 370
Fire Suppression 371
Sprinkler Systems 372
Other Fire Suppression Systems 374
Portable Fire Extinguishers 374
CHAPTER 19 Conveyance Systems 376
Introduction 376
History 376
Codes and Standards 377
Elevators 377
Elevator Design 377
Elevator Machines 381
Passenger Elevators 381
Freight Elevators 383
Service Cars and Special Elevators 383
Elevator Security 384
Elevator Systems 384
Elevator Lobbies 384
Escalators and Moving Walks 384
Escalators 384
Moving Walks and Ramps 387
Materials Handling 388
Dumbwaiters 388
Conveyors 388
Pneumatic Systems 389
Automated Container Delivery Systems 389
CHAPTER 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment 390
Introduction 390
Signal Systems 390
Communication Systems 391
Residential Communications 391
Office Building Communications 392
School Communication Systems, 392
Data and Communications Wiring 392
Premise Wiring 393
Television 393
Telecommunications 394
Security Systems 394
Security Equipment 395
Control and Automation Equipment 396
Automation 396
Intelligent Buildings 396
Building Controls 397
Bibliography 398
Index 399
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
PART I: THE BIG PICTURE.
Chapter 1 Natural Resources.
Chapter 2 Building Site Conditions.
Chapter 3 Designing for Building Functions.
Chapter 4 The Human Body and the Built Environment.
Chapter 5 Building Codes.
PART II: WATER AND WASTES.
Chapter 6 Sources of Water.
Chapter 7 Water Quality.
Chapter 8 Water Distribution.
Chapter 9 Hot Water.
Chapter 10 Waste Plumbing.
Chapter 11 Treating and Recycling Water.
Chapter 12 Recycling Solid Wastes.
Chapter 13 Plumbing Fixtures.
Chapter 14 Designing Bath and Toilet Rooms.
PART III: THERMAL COMFORT.
Chapter 15 Principles of Thermal Comfort.
Chapter 16 Thermal Capacity and Resistance.
Chapter 17 Humidity.
Chapter 18 Mechanical Engineering Design Process.
Chapter 19 Indoor Air Contaminants.
Chapter 20 Designing for Indoor Air Quality.
Chapter 21 Ventilation.
Chapter 22 Fenestration.
Chapter 23 Solar Heating.
PART IV: HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 24 Heating Systems.
Chapter 25 Cooling.
Chapter 26 Heating,Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems.
PART V: ELECTRICITY.
Chapter 27 How Electrical Systems Work.
Chapter 28 Electrical Service Equipment.
Chapter 29 Electrical Circuit Design.
Chapter 30 Electrical Wiring and Distribution.
Chapter 31 Receptacles and Switches.
Chapter 32 Residential Appliances.
PART VI: LIGHTING.
Chapter 33 Daylighting.
Chapter 34 Lighting Design.
Chapter 35 Lighting for Specific Spaces.
PART VII: SECURITY AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS.
Chapter 36 Communications and Control Systems.
Chapter 37 Securing the Building.
Chapter 38 Systems for Private Residences.
Chapter 39 Other Security and Communications Applications.
Chapter 40 Office Communications Systems.
PART VIII: FIRE SAFETY.
Chapter 41 Principles of Fire Safety.
Chapter 42 Design for Fire Safety.
Chapter 43 Escape Routes.
Chapter 44 Limiting Fuels.
Chapter 45 Fire Suppression.
Chapter 46 Fire Detection and Alarms.
PART IX: CONVEYING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 47 Elevators.
Chapter 48 Escalators.
Chapter 49 Materials Handling.
PART X: ACOUSTICS.
Chapter 50 Acoustic Principles.
Chapter 51 Acoustic Design.
Chapter 52 Sound Absorption Within a Space.
Chapter 53 Sound Transmission Between Spaces.
Chapter 54 Acoustic Applications.
Chapter 55 Electronic Sound Systems.
Index.
Acknowledgments.
PART I: THE BIG PICTURE.
Chapter 1 Natural Resources.
Chapter 2 Building Site Conditions.
Chapter 3 Designing for Building Functions.
Chapter 4 The Human Body and the Built Environment.
Chapter 5 Building Codes.
PART II: WATER AND WASTES.
Chapter 6 Sources of Water.
Chapter 7 Water Quality.
Chapter 8 Water Distribution.
Chapter 9 Hot Water.
Chapter 10 Waste Plumbing.
Chapter 11 Treating and Recycling Water.
Chapter 12 Recycling Solid Wastes.
Chapter 13 Plumbing Fixtures.
Chapter 14 Designing Bath and Toilet Rooms.
PART III: THERMAL COMFORT.
Chapter 15 Principles of Thermal Comfort.
Chapter 16 Thermal Capacity and Resistance.
Chapter 17 Humidity.
Chapter 18 Mechanical Engineering Design Process.
Chapter 19 Indoor Air Contaminants.
Chapter 20 Designing for Indoor Air Quality.
Chapter 21 Ventilation.
Chapter 22 Fenestration.
Chapter 23 Solar Heating.
PART IV: HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 24 Heating Systems.
Chapter 25 Cooling.
Chapter 26 Heating,Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems.
PART V: ELECTRICITY.
Chapter 27 How Electrical Systems Work.
Chapter 28 Electrical Service Equipment.
Chapter 29 Electrical Circuit Design.
Chapter 30 Electrical Wiring and Distribution.
Chapter 31 Receptacles and Switches.
Chapter 32 Residential Appliances.
PART VI: LIGHTING.
Chapter 33 Daylighting.
Chapter 34 Lighting Design.
Chapter 35 Lighting for Specific Spaces.
PART VII: SECURITY AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS.
Chapter 36 Communications and Control Systems.
Chapter 37 Securing the Building.
Chapter 38 Systems for Private Residences.
Chapter 39 Other Security and Communications Applications.
Chapter 40 Office Communications Systems.
PART VIII: FIRE SAFETY.
Chapter 41 Principles of Fire Safety.
Chapter 42 Design for Fire Safety.
Chapter 43 Escape Routes.
Chapter 44 Limiting Fuels.
Chapter 45 Fire Suppression.
Chapter 46 Fire Detection and Alarms.
PART IX: CONVEYING SYSTEMS.
Chapter 47 Elevators.
Chapter 48 Escalators.
Chapter 49 Materials Handling.
PART X: ACOUSTICS.
Chapter 50 Acoustic Principles.
Chapter 51 Acoustic Design.
Chapter 52 Sound Absorption Within a Space.
Chapter 53 Sound Transmission Between Spaces.
Chapter 54 Acoustic Applications.
Chapter 55 Electronic Sound Systems.
Index.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
PART I THE BUILDING, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
CHAPTER 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site 3
Introduction 3
Climate Change 4
Energy Sources 5
Electricity 5
Renewable Energy Sources 5
Non-Sustainable Energy Sources 9
Global Climate Change 10
Energy Consumption by Buildings 11
Building Site Conditions 12
Building Placement 12
Climates 12
Site Conditions 14
Interior Layout 18
Existing Buildings 18
CHAPTER 2 Designing for the Environment 19
Introduction 19
Building Envelope 19
History 20
Dynamic Building Envelope 20
Building Envelope and Codes 21
Exterior Walls 21
Roofs 22
Heat Flow and the Building Envelope 24
Terminology 24
Thermodynamics 24
Heat Flow and Building Envelope 25
Moisture Flow through Building Envelope 27
Envelope Thermal Performance 28
Insulation Materials 28
Air Films and Air Spaces 29
Insulation Types and Forms 30
Energy-Efficient Design 32
Passive Systems 32
Active Solar and Hybrid Systems 34
The Design Process 34
The Design Team 34
Integrated Design 36
Sustainable Design 36
Energy Efficiency and Conservation 36
Sustainability and Green Design 36
Energy and Materials 37
Setting Sustainability Goals 38
Sustainable Design Strategies 38
LEED System 39
High Performance Buildings 39
CHAPTER 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety 41
Introduction 41
Human Body and the Built Environment 41
Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium 41
Visual and Acoustic Comfort 44
Other Human Environmental Requirements 45
Hazardous Materials 46
Renovation Considerations 46
Lead 46
Asbestos 46
Mold 47
Building Codes and Standards 47
Building Codes 47
Standards and Organizations 48
Federal Codes and Regulations 49
Energy Efficiency Requirements 50
PART II BUILDING COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements 53
Introduction 53
History 53
Building Form 54
Structural System 54
Foundations 54
Building Loads 55
Types of Building Loads 56
Compression, Defl ection, and Tension 56
Spanning Openings 56
Vertical Supports 59
Lateral Forces 61
Shearing Forces 61
Grid Frameworks 62
Service Cores 62
Structural Types 63
Light Frame Structures 63
Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber 63
Masonry Structures 64
Concrete Structures 67
Metal Structures 68
Other Structural Types 69
CHAPTER 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs 70
Introduction 70
Horizontal Structural Units 70
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 70
Interior Design Concerns 72
Floor Systems 72
Wall Systems 74
Load-Bearing Walls and Frames 74
Interior Walls and Partitions 75
Stairs and Ramps 75
Stairs 75
Ramps 81
CHAPTER 6 Windows and Doors 83
Introduction 83
History 83
Windows 84
Window Selection 84
Window Types 85
Glazing 87
Window Frames 89
Storm Windows and Screens 89
Thermal Transmission 90
Shading and Solar Control 92
Toplighting and Skylights 94
Toplighting 94
Doors 96
Thermal Performance 96
Exterior Doors 96
Interior Doors 97
Door Types 99
Fire Doors 101
Door Hardware 102
PART III ACOUSTICS
CHAPTER 7 Acoustic Design Principles 105
Introduction 105
Sound Basics 105
Sound Propagation 105
Sound Waves 106
Frequency 106
Sound Magnitude 106
Hearing 107
Human Ear 107
Loudness 107
Sound Masking 108
Directivity and Discrimination 109
Sound Sources 109
Speech 109
Music 109
Noise 109
Vibration 110
Sound Paths 110
Attenuation 110
Reflected Sound 110
Natural Sound Reinforcement 112
Absorbed Sound 113
CHAPTER 8 Architectural Acoustics 114
Introduction 114
History 114
Acoustic Codes and Standards 115
Acoustic Design 115
Design Process 115
Room Acoustics 115
Building Noise Control 116
Controlling Exterior Noise 116
Controlling Interior Noise 117
Background Noise 118
Sound Transmission 118
Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 118
Measuring Sound Transmission 120
Sound Absorption 121
Reducing Acoustic Energy 121
Measuring Sound Absorption 121
Reverberation 124
Sound Isolation 124
Mass 124
Resiliency 125
Tightness 125
Compound Barriers 125
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 125
Special Acoustic Devices 126
Sound Transmission Between Spaces 126
Walls and Partitions 126
Flanking Paths 126
Impact Noise 129
Materials and Acoustics 130
Acoustic Products 130
Ceiling Products 130
Wall Panels 133
Flooring 133
Window Treatments and Upholstery 134
Acoustic Applications 134
Acoustic Criteria 135
Offices 135
Music Performance Spaces 138
Auditoriums 138
Lecture Rooms 139
Schools 139
Public Toilet Rooms 139
Residential Buildings 139
Electronic Sound Systems 141
Sound Reinforcement Systems 141
Sound Systems for Specifi c Spaces 141
PART IV WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 9 Water Supply Systems 145
Introduction 145
History 145
Codes and Testing 146
Plumbing and Construction Drawings 146
Water Sources and Use 146
Water Use 146
Hydrologic Cycle 148
Precipitation 148
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Stormwater 149
Conservation 150
Protecting the Water Supply 151
Water Distribution 151
Well Water 151
Municipal Water Supply Systems 152
Water Quality 152
Distribution within Buildings 153
Hot Water 158
Hot Water Heaters 160
Chilled Water 163
Gas Supply and Distribution 163
CHAPTER 10 Waste and Reuse Systems 164
Introduction 164
History 165
Sanitary Waste Systems 165
Sanitary Piping Elements 165
Residential Waste Piping 170
Large Building Waste Piping 170
Treating and Recycling Wastewater 171
Recycled Water 171
Rural Sewage Treatment 172
Centralized Sewage Treatment Systems 174
Solid Waste Systems 174
Recycling 174
Small Building Solid Waste Collection 174
Large Building Solid Waste Collection 175
CHAPTER 11 Fixtures and Appliances 176
Introduction 176
History of Bathrooms 176
Plumbing Fixtures 177
General Code Requirements 177
Bathroom Fixtures 178
Water Closets 179
Urinals 182
Bidets 183
Lavatories and Sinks 184
Bathtubs 186
Showers 191
Steam Rooms and Saunas 194
Residential Bathroom Design 194
Bathroom Design History 195
Bathroom Planning 195
Designing Public Toilet Rooms 196
Toilet Room Accessibility 196
Drinking Fountains 196
Appliances and Equipment 197
Residential Kitchens 197
Residential Appliances 198
Laundry Areas 201
Compressed Air 202
PART V HEATING, COOLING, AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort 205
Introduction 205
History 205
Thermal Comfort 206
Designing for Thermal Comfort 206
Comfort Range 209
Principles of Heat Transfer 211
Thermal Energy Transfer 211
Air Temperature and Air Motion 214
Water Vapor and Heat Transfer 215
Thermal Capacity and Resistance 216
Thermal Mass 216
Thermal Conductivity 218
Thermal Resistance 218
Thermal Feel 218
Mechanical Engineering Design Process 219
Phases of Design Process 219
Thermal Comfort Zones 220
Heating and Cooling Loads 220
CHAPTER 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control 222
Introduction 222
ASHRAE Standards and LEED 222
Indoor Air Quality 223
Illnesses Related to Buildings 223
Sources of Pollution 224
Indoor Air Quality Equipment 226
Plants and Indoor Air Quality 228
Controls for Indoor Air Quality 229
Infiltration and Ventilation 229
Infiltration 229
Ventilation 229
Natural Ventilation 230
Attic and Roof Ventilation 232
Mechanical Ventilation 233
Residential Ventilation Systems 233
Fans 235
Humidity and Moisture Control 239
Water Movement 239
Humidity 239
Condensation 240
Dehumidification 242
CHAPTER 14 Heating and Cooling 243
Introduction 243
Architectural and Engineering Considerations 243
HVAC Design Process 244
History 245
Building Energy Conservation 246
Codes and Standards 247
Heating Systems 247
Central Heating Systems 248
Building Heating Fuels 248
Solar Space Heating 249
Fireplaces and Wood-Burning Stoves 250
Mechanical Heating Systems 253
Radiant Heating 255
Electric-Resistance Heat 257
Natural Convection Heating Units 258
Warm-Air Heating 259
Cooling Systems 262
History of Cooling 262
Passive Cooling 263
Mechanical Cooling 263
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 267
HVAC Zones 268
HVAC System Components 268
HVAC Distribution 269
Terminal Delivery Devices 270
Control Systems 271
PART VI ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 15 Electrical System Basics 275
Introduction 275
History 275
Electrical System Design Process 276
Codes and Standards 276
Principles of Electricity 277
Types of Electricity 277
Electrical Current 278
Electrical Power Sources 280
Photovoltaic (PV) Power 281
Other Electrical Energy Sources 283
Electricity and Safety 283
Electrical Shocks 283
Grounding 284
Electrical Fire Safety 285
Circuit Protection 285
CHAPTER 16 Electrical Distribution 288
Introduction 288
Electrical System Design Procedure 288
Electrical Service Equipment 289
Electrical Power Distribution Systems 289
Interior Distribution 293
Branch Circuits 293
Electrical Wiring and Distribution 294
Interior Wiring Systems 295
Full Access Floors and Wiring 297
Low-Voltage Wiring 298
Power Line Carrier Systems 298
Electrical Emergency Systems 298
Wireless Systems 299
Electrical Design for Residences 299
Residential Code Requirements 299
Residential Branch Circuits 300
Wiring Devices 302
Outlet and Device Boxes 303
Electrical Plugs 304
Electrical Receptacles 304
Switches 305
Electrical Loads 306
Residential Appliances 307
Appliance Control and Energy Conservation 311
CHAPTER 17 Lighting Systems 313
Introduction 313
History of Lighting 313
Lighting Design Team 314
Lighting Calculation Methods 314
Lighting Design Process 315
Lighting Codes and Standards 316
Light and Vision 317
Physics of Light 318
Vision 319
Color and Light 321
Quantity of Light 322
Glare 322
Lighting Effects 324
Daylighting 324
History of Daylighting 324
Characteristics of Daylight 324
Daylighting Design 325
Daylighting and Fenestration 326
Electric Lighting 328
History of Electric Lighting 328
Electric Lighting Design 328
Electric Light Sources 329
Characteristics of Sources 330
Selecting Light Sources 330
Luminaire Light Control 334
Light Source Controls 335
Remote Source Lighting 335
Luminaires 336
Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures 336
Lighting Fixture Selection 338
Lighting Controls 340
Tuning and Maintenance 341
Emergency Lighting 342
Lighting Design Applications 343
Residential Applications 343
Commercial Applications 343
PART VII FIRE SAFETY, CONVEYANCE, SECURITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 18 Fire Safety Design 347
Introduction 347
History 347
Design for Fire Safety 348
Basic Principles 348
Fire Risk 348
Combustion 349
Fire Safety Codes 350
Construction Types 351
Occupancy Hazard Classifications 351
Means of Egress 352
Building Types 352
Means of Egress Components 353
Protecting the Building 359
Compartmentation 360
Construction Assemblies and Elements 361
Materials and Fire Protection 364
Codes and Standards 364
Finish Classes and Test Ratings 365
Firefi ghting 366
Smoke Management 366
Fire Detection 367
Residential Detectors 368
Fire Alarm Systems 369
Residential Alarm Systems 369
Commercial and Institutional Systems 370
Alarm System Operation 370
Fire Suppression 371
Sprinkler Systems 372
Other Fire Suppression Systems 374
Portable Fire Extinguishers 374
CHAPTER 19 Conveyance Systems 376
Introduction 376
History 376
Codes and Standards 377
Elevators 377
Elevator Design 377
Elevator Machines 381
Passenger Elevators 381
Freight Elevators 383
Service Cars and Special Elevators 383
Elevator Security 384
Elevator Systems 384
Elevator Lobbies 384
Escalators and Moving Walks 384
Escalators 384
Moving Walks and Ramps 387
Materials Handling 388
Dumbwaiters 388
Conveyors 388
Pneumatic Systems 389
Automated Container Delivery Systems 389
CHAPTER 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment 390
Introduction 390
Signal Systems 390
Communication Systems 391
Residential Communications 391
Office Building Communications 392
School Communication Systems, 392
Data and Communications Wiring 392
Premise Wiring 393
Television 393
Telecommunications 394
Security Systems 394
Security Equipment 395
Control and Automation Equipment 396
Automation 396
Intelligent Buildings 396
Building Controls 397
Bibliography 398
Index 399
Acknowledgments xii
PART I THE BUILDING, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
CHAPTER 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site 3
Introduction 3
Climate Change 4
Energy Sources 5
Electricity 5
Renewable Energy Sources 5
Non-Sustainable Energy Sources 9
Global Climate Change 10
Energy Consumption by Buildings 11
Building Site Conditions 12
Building Placement 12
Climates 12
Site Conditions 14
Interior Layout 18
Existing Buildings 18
CHAPTER 2 Designing for the Environment 19
Introduction 19
Building Envelope 19
History 20
Dynamic Building Envelope 20
Building Envelope and Codes 21
Exterior Walls 21
Roofs 22
Heat Flow and the Building Envelope 24
Terminology 24
Thermodynamics 24
Heat Flow and Building Envelope 25
Moisture Flow through Building Envelope 27
Envelope Thermal Performance 28
Insulation Materials 28
Air Films and Air Spaces 29
Insulation Types and Forms 30
Energy-Efficient Design 32
Passive Systems 32
Active Solar and Hybrid Systems 34
The Design Process 34
The Design Team 34
Integrated Design 36
Sustainable Design 36
Energy Efficiency and Conservation 36
Sustainability and Green Design 36
Energy and Materials 37
Setting Sustainability Goals 38
Sustainable Design Strategies 38
LEED System 39
High Performance Buildings 39
CHAPTER 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety 41
Introduction 41
Human Body and the Built Environment 41
Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium 41
Visual and Acoustic Comfort 44
Other Human Environmental Requirements 45
Hazardous Materials 46
Renovation Considerations 46
Lead 46
Asbestos 46
Mold 47
Building Codes and Standards 47
Building Codes 47
Standards and Organizations 48
Federal Codes and Regulations 49
Energy Efficiency Requirements 50
PART II BUILDING COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements 53
Introduction 53
History 53
Building Form 54
Structural System 54
Foundations 54
Building Loads 55
Types of Building Loads 56
Compression, Defl ection, and Tension 56
Spanning Openings 56
Vertical Supports 59
Lateral Forces 61
Shearing Forces 61
Grid Frameworks 62
Service Cores 62
Structural Types 63
Light Frame Structures 63
Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber 63
Masonry Structures 64
Concrete Structures 67
Metal Structures 68
Other Structural Types 69
CHAPTER 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs 70
Introduction 70
Horizontal Structural Units 70
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 70
Interior Design Concerns 72
Floor Systems 72
Wall Systems 74
Load-Bearing Walls and Frames 74
Interior Walls and Partitions 75
Stairs and Ramps 75
Stairs 75
Ramps 81
CHAPTER 6 Windows and Doors 83
Introduction 83
History 83
Windows 84
Window Selection 84
Window Types 85
Glazing 87
Window Frames 89
Storm Windows and Screens 89
Thermal Transmission 90
Shading and Solar Control 92
Toplighting and Skylights 94
Toplighting 94
Doors 96
Thermal Performance 96
Exterior Doors 96
Interior Doors 97
Door Types 99
Fire Doors 101
Door Hardware 102
PART III ACOUSTICS
CHAPTER 7 Acoustic Design Principles 105
Introduction 105
Sound Basics 105
Sound Propagation 105
Sound Waves 106
Frequency 106
Sound Magnitude 106
Hearing 107
Human Ear 107
Loudness 107
Sound Masking 108
Directivity and Discrimination 109
Sound Sources 109
Speech 109
Music 109
Noise 109
Vibration 110
Sound Paths 110
Attenuation 110
Reflected Sound 110
Natural Sound Reinforcement 112
Absorbed Sound 113
CHAPTER 8 Architectural Acoustics 114
Introduction 114
History 114
Acoustic Codes and Standards 115
Acoustic Design 115
Design Process 115
Room Acoustics 115
Building Noise Control 116
Controlling Exterior Noise 116
Controlling Interior Noise 117
Background Noise 118
Sound Transmission 118
Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 118
Measuring Sound Transmission 120
Sound Absorption 121
Reducing Acoustic Energy 121
Measuring Sound Absorption 121
Reverberation 124
Sound Isolation 124
Mass 124
Resiliency 125
Tightness 125
Compound Barriers 125
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 125
Special Acoustic Devices 126
Sound Transmission Between Spaces 126
Walls and Partitions 126
Flanking Paths 126
Impact Noise 129
Materials and Acoustics 130
Acoustic Products 130
Ceiling Products 130
Wall Panels 133
Flooring 133
Window Treatments and Upholstery 134
Acoustic Applications 134
Acoustic Criteria 135
Offices 135
Music Performance Spaces 138
Auditoriums 138
Lecture Rooms 139
Schools 139
Public Toilet Rooms 139
Residential Buildings 139
Electronic Sound Systems 141
Sound Reinforcement Systems 141
Sound Systems for Specifi c Spaces 141
PART IV WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 9 Water Supply Systems 145
Introduction 145
History 145
Codes and Testing 146
Plumbing and Construction Drawings 146
Water Sources and Use 146
Water Use 146
Hydrologic Cycle 148
Precipitation 148
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Stormwater 149
Conservation 150
Protecting the Water Supply 151
Water Distribution 151
Well Water 151
Municipal Water Supply Systems 152
Water Quality 152
Distribution within Buildings 153
Hot Water 158
Hot Water Heaters 160
Chilled Water 163
Gas Supply and Distribution 163
CHAPTER 10 Waste and Reuse Systems 164
Introduction 164
History 165
Sanitary Waste Systems 165
Sanitary Piping Elements 165
Residential Waste Piping 170
Large Building Waste Piping 170
Treating and Recycling Wastewater 171
Recycled Water 171
Rural Sewage Treatment 172
Centralized Sewage Treatment Systems 174
Solid Waste Systems 174
Recycling 174
Small Building Solid Waste Collection 174
Large Building Solid Waste Collection 175
CHAPTER 11 Fixtures and Appliances 176
Introduction 176
History of Bathrooms 176
Plumbing Fixtures 177
General Code Requirements 177
Bathroom Fixtures 178
Water Closets 179
Urinals 182
Bidets 183
Lavatories and Sinks 184
Bathtubs 186
Showers 191
Steam Rooms and Saunas 194
Residential Bathroom Design 194
Bathroom Design History 195
Bathroom Planning 195
Designing Public Toilet Rooms 196
Toilet Room Accessibility 196
Drinking Fountains 196
Appliances and Equipment 197
Residential Kitchens 197
Residential Appliances 198
Laundry Areas 201
Compressed Air 202
PART V HEATING, COOLING, AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort 205
Introduction 205
History 205
Thermal Comfort 206
Designing for Thermal Comfort 206
Comfort Range 209
Principles of Heat Transfer 211
Thermal Energy Transfer 211
Air Temperature and Air Motion 214
Water Vapor and Heat Transfer 215
Thermal Capacity and Resistance 216
Thermal Mass 216
Thermal Conductivity 218
Thermal Resistance 218
Thermal Feel 218
Mechanical Engineering Design Process 219
Phases of Design Process 219
Thermal Comfort Zones 220
Heating and Cooling Loads 220
CHAPTER 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control 222
Introduction 222
ASHRAE Standards and LEED 222
Indoor Air Quality 223
Illnesses Related to Buildings 223
Sources of Pollution 224
Indoor Air Quality Equipment 226
Plants and Indoor Air Quality 228
Controls for Indoor Air Quality 229
Infiltration and Ventilation 229
Infiltration 229
Ventilation 229
Natural Ventilation 230
Attic and Roof Ventilation 232
Mechanical Ventilation 233
Residential Ventilation Systems 233
Fans 235
Humidity and Moisture Control 239
Water Movement 239
Humidity 239
Condensation 240
Dehumidification 242
CHAPTER 14 Heating and Cooling 243
Introduction 243
Architectural and Engineering Considerations 243
HVAC Design Process 244
History 245
Building Energy Conservation 246
Codes and Standards 247
Heating Systems 247
Central Heating Systems 248
Building Heating Fuels 248
Solar Space Heating 249
Fireplaces and Wood-Burning Stoves 250
Mechanical Heating Systems 253
Radiant Heating 255
Electric-Resistance Heat 257
Natural Convection Heating Units 258
Warm-Air Heating 259
Cooling Systems 262
History of Cooling 262
Passive Cooling 263
Mechanical Cooling 263
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 267
HVAC Zones 268
HVAC System Components 268
HVAC Distribution 269
Terminal Delivery Devices 270
Control Systems 271
PART VI ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 15 Electrical System Basics 275
Introduction 275
History 275
Electrical System Design Process 276
Codes and Standards 276
Principles of Electricity 277
Types of Electricity 277
Electrical Current 278
Electrical Power Sources 280
Photovoltaic (PV) Power 281
Other Electrical Energy Sources 283
Electricity and Safety 283
Electrical Shocks 283
Grounding 284
Electrical Fire Safety 285
Circuit Protection 285
CHAPTER 16 Electrical Distribution 288
Introduction 288
Electrical System Design Procedure 288
Electrical Service Equipment 289
Electrical Power Distribution Systems 289
Interior Distribution 293
Branch Circuits 293
Electrical Wiring and Distribution 294
Interior Wiring Systems 295
Full Access Floors and Wiring 297
Low-Voltage Wiring 298
Power Line Carrier Systems 298
Electrical Emergency Systems 298
Wireless Systems 299
Electrical Design for Residences 299
Residential Code Requirements 299
Residential Branch Circuits 300
Wiring Devices 302
Outlet and Device Boxes 303
Electrical Plugs 304
Electrical Receptacles 304
Switches 305
Electrical Loads 306
Residential Appliances 307
Appliance Control and Energy Conservation 311
CHAPTER 17 Lighting Systems 313
Introduction 313
History of Lighting 313
Lighting Design Team 314
Lighting Calculation Methods 314
Lighting Design Process 315
Lighting Codes and Standards 316
Light and Vision 317
Physics of Light 318
Vision 319
Color and Light 321
Quantity of Light 322
Glare 322
Lighting Effects 324
Daylighting 324
History of Daylighting 324
Characteristics of Daylight 324
Daylighting Design 325
Daylighting and Fenestration 326
Electric Lighting 328
History of Electric Lighting 328
Electric Lighting Design 328
Electric Light Sources 329
Characteristics of Sources 330
Selecting Light Sources 330
Luminaire Light Control 334
Light Source Controls 335
Remote Source Lighting 335
Luminaires 336
Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures 336
Lighting Fixture Selection 338
Lighting Controls 340
Tuning and Maintenance 341
Emergency Lighting 342
Lighting Design Applications 343
Residential Applications 343
Commercial Applications 343
PART VII FIRE SAFETY, CONVEYANCE, SECURITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 18 Fire Safety Design 347
Introduction 347
History 347
Design for Fire Safety 348
Basic Principles 348
Fire Risk 348
Combustion 349
Fire Safety Codes 350
Construction Types 351
Occupancy Hazard Classifications 351
Means of Egress 352
Building Types 352
Means of Egress Components 353
Protecting the Building 359
Compartmentation 360
Construction Assemblies and Elements 361
Materials and Fire Protection 364
Codes and Standards 364
Finish Classes and Test Ratings 365
Firefi ghting 366
Smoke Management 366
Fire Detection 367
Residential Detectors 368
Fire Alarm Systems 369
Residential Alarm Systems 369
Commercial and Institutional Systems 370
Alarm System Operation 370
Fire Suppression 371
Sprinkler Systems 372
Other Fire Suppression Systems 374
Portable Fire Extinguishers 374
CHAPTER 19 Conveyance Systems 376
Introduction 376
History 376
Codes and Standards 377
Elevators 377
Elevator Design 377
Elevator Machines 381
Passenger Elevators 381
Freight Elevators 383
Service Cars and Special Elevators 383
Elevator Security 384
Elevator Systems 384
Elevator Lobbies 384
Escalators and Moving Walks 384
Escalators 384
Moving Walks and Ramps 387
Materials Handling 388
Dumbwaiters 388
Conveyors 388
Pneumatic Systems 389
Automated Container Delivery Systems 389
CHAPTER 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment 390
Introduction 390
Signal Systems 390
Communication Systems 391
Residential Communications 391
Office Building Communications 392
School Communication Systems, 392
Data and Communications Wiring 392
Premise Wiring 393
Television 393
Telecommunications 394
Security Systems 394
Security Equipment 395
Control and Automation Equipment 396
Automation 396
Intelligent Buildings 396
Building Controls 397
Bibliography 398
Index 399