The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was a U.S. Federal government agency that aided distressed refugees of the American Civil War. The Freedman's Bureau Bill, which created the Freedman's Bureau, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. It was passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment. It became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau was operational from June 1865 to December 1868. It was disbanded under Lincoln's successor, President Andrew Johnson.