This book deals with a successful example of U.S. support to the transition from an undemocratic regime to a democratic one in Portugal. As Samuel Huntington wrote, Portugal represented the beginning of the "Third Wave of Democracy" and his example served as a model for subsequent democratization of Spain, Latin America and even the countries of the former Soviet Union. The Portuguese case of 1974-1976, is especially important now, as we witness the beginning of a fourth wave of democratization throughout the Middle East.
This book deals with a successful example of U.S. support to the transition from an undemocratic regime to a democratic one in Portugal. As Samuel Huntington wrote, Portugal represented the beginning of the "Third Wave of Democracy" and his example served as a model for subsequent democratization of Spain, Latin America and even the countries of the former Soviet Union. The Portuguese case of 1974-1976, is especially important now, as we witness the beginning of a fourth wave of democratization throughout the Middle East.
1 Introduction Part 2 I. Wait and See Chapter 3 1. There Will be Regime Change in Portugal Chapter 4 2. A Military Coup d'Etat in Western Europe Chapter 5 3. Spínola and Costa Gomes Are In Charge Chapter 6 4. Communists in NATO Chapter 7 5. Guarantees from Spínola, Mário Soares and ... Álvaro Cunhal Chapter 8 6. The Nixon-Spínola Meeting in the Azores Chapter 9 7. The "Three Crises": Palma Carlos, Vasco Gonçalves and the Mediterranean Chapter 10 8. September 28 and the End of the "Wait and See" Cycle Part 11 II. Low Intensity Involvement Chapter 12 1. The Lukens Mission Chapter 13 2. Costa Gomes and Mário Soares in the United States Chapter 14 3. Kissinger "Dismisses" Portugal from the NATO Nuclear Planning Group Chapter 15 4. Kennedy in Portugal Chapter 16 5. The US Approves Economic Aid Program for Portugal Chapter 17 6. Sá Carneiro in the US Chapter 18 7. Frank Carlucci Arrives in Portugal Chapter 19 8. Possible Communist Coup in Portugal Chapter 20 9. March 11th and the End of the "Low-Intensity Involvement" Cycle Part 21 III. Carlucci vs Kissinger Chapter 22 1. "Portugal: Courses of Action" Chapter 23 2. We Probably Have to "Attack" Portugal and Drive it from NATO Chapter 24 3."Vaccine" or "Support" Chapter 25 4. The US Reevaluates its Interests in the Azores Chapter 26 5. "The Election Was a Popularity Contest With No Significance" Chapter 27 6. The "República Affair" Increases International Import of the Revolution's Progress Chapter 28 7. Genscher Joins Kissinger and Melo Antunes Chapter 29 8. The NATO Summit and the US Attempt to Isolate Portugal Chapter 30 9. Possible Coup by Azorean Separatists Chapter 31 10. An American Secret Military Mission Chapter 32 11. Kissinger Encourages the Portuguese "Moderates" to Act Part 33 IV. Support for the "Moderates" Chapter 34 1. European Pressure at Helsinki Chapter 35 2. The "Nine's Document" and Contacts with the US Embassy Chapter 36 3. Carlucci "Beats" Kissinger Chapter 37 4. Support for the Democratic Parties Chapter 38 5. Carlucci's Primary Objective: Get Rid of Vasco Gonçalves Chapter 39 6. The United States and Western Europe Discuss Plans for Portugal Chapter 40 7. Support for the Sixth Provisional Government Chapter 41 8. The American Contingency Plan for a Portuguese Civil War Chapter 42 9. The West and November 25th Part 43 V. Support for the Implementation of Democracy Chapter 44 1. The "Mensheviks' Victory" Chapter 45 2. Angola and Cuban Aircraft in Portugal Chapter 46 3. The Institutionalization of Democracy and Carlucci's Support Chapter 47 4. The "Jumbo Loan" Chapter 48 5. American Support for the Restructuring of the Armed Forces 49 Conclusion 50 Bibliography
1 Introduction Part 2 I. Wait and See Chapter 3 1. There Will be Regime Change in Portugal Chapter 4 2. A Military Coup d'Etat in Western Europe Chapter 5 3. Spínola and Costa Gomes Are In Charge Chapter 6 4. Communists in NATO Chapter 7 5. Guarantees from Spínola, Mário Soares and ... Álvaro Cunhal Chapter 8 6. The Nixon-Spínola Meeting in the Azores Chapter 9 7. The "Three Crises": Palma Carlos, Vasco Gonçalves and the Mediterranean Chapter 10 8. September 28 and the End of the "Wait and See" Cycle Part 11 II. Low Intensity Involvement Chapter 12 1. The Lukens Mission Chapter 13 2. Costa Gomes and Mário Soares in the United States Chapter 14 3. Kissinger "Dismisses" Portugal from the NATO Nuclear Planning Group Chapter 15 4. Kennedy in Portugal Chapter 16 5. The US Approves Economic Aid Program for Portugal Chapter 17 6. Sá Carneiro in the US Chapter 18 7. Frank Carlucci Arrives in Portugal Chapter 19 8. Possible Communist Coup in Portugal Chapter 20 9. March 11th and the End of the "Low-Intensity Involvement" Cycle Part 21 III. Carlucci vs Kissinger Chapter 22 1. "Portugal: Courses of Action" Chapter 23 2. We Probably Have to "Attack" Portugal and Drive it from NATO Chapter 24 3."Vaccine" or "Support" Chapter 25 4. The US Reevaluates its Interests in the Azores Chapter 26 5. "The Election Was a Popularity Contest With No Significance" Chapter 27 6. The "República Affair" Increases International Import of the Revolution's Progress Chapter 28 7. Genscher Joins Kissinger and Melo Antunes Chapter 29 8. The NATO Summit and the US Attempt to Isolate Portugal Chapter 30 9. Possible Coup by Azorean Separatists Chapter 31 10. An American Secret Military Mission Chapter 32 11. Kissinger Encourages the Portuguese "Moderates" to Act Part 33 IV. Support for the "Moderates" Chapter 34 1. European Pressure at Helsinki Chapter 35 2. The "Nine's Document" and Contacts with the US Embassy Chapter 36 3. Carlucci "Beats" Kissinger Chapter 37 4. Support for the Democratic Parties Chapter 38 5. Carlucci's Primary Objective: Get Rid of Vasco Gonçalves Chapter 39 6. The United States and Western Europe Discuss Plans for Portugal Chapter 40 7. Support for the Sixth Provisional Government Chapter 41 8. The American Contingency Plan for a Portuguese Civil War Chapter 42 9. The West and November 25th Part 43 V. Support for the Implementation of Democracy Chapter 44 1. The "Mensheviks' Victory" Chapter 45 2. Angola and Cuban Aircraft in Portugal Chapter 46 3. The Institutionalization of Democracy and Carlucci's Support Chapter 47 4. The "Jumbo Loan" Chapter 48 5. American Support for the Restructuring of the Armed Forces 49 Conclusion 50 Bibliography
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