The contents of this book primarily deal with materials testing and analysis. The specimens selected for testing are of archeological significance where as the techniques used for their evaluation are standard engineering testing methods used for research and industrial applications i.e. X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, combustion analysis, combined thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and radioisotope and luminescence dating techniques. The book has been divided into two chapters. Each chapter presents a complete case study. The specimens have been collected from two different sites in Pakistan. The case studies were developed during the years 2009-2012 and the testing was entirely carried out in Pakistan.