A central problem in neurobiology concerns mechanisms that generate the pro found diversity and specificity of the nervous system. What is the substance of diversification and specificity at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels? 4 How, for example, do 1011 neurons each form approximately 10 interconnec tions, allowing normal physiological function? How does disruption of these processes result in human disease? These proceedings represent the efforts of molecular biologists, embryologists, neurobiologists, and clinicians to approach these issues. in this volume are grouped by subject…mehr
A central problem in neurobiology concerns mechanisms that generate the pro found diversity and specificity of the nervous system. What is the substance of diversification and specificity at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels? 4 How, for example, do 1011 neurons each form approximately 10 interconnec tions, allowing normal physiological function? How does disruption of these processes result in human disease? These proceedings represent the efforts of molecular biologists, embryologists, neurobiologists, and clinicians to approach these issues. in this volume are grouped by subject to present the varieties The chapters of methods used to approach each individual area. Section I deals with embry ogenesis and morphogenesis of the nervous system. In Chapter 3, Weston and co-workers describe the use of monoclonal antibodies that recognize specific neuronal epitopes (including specific gangliosides) for the purpose of defining heterogeneity in the neural crest, an important model system. Immunocyto chemical analysis reveals the existence of distinct sUbpopulations within the crest at extremely early stages; cells express neuronal or glial binding patterns at the time of migration. Consequently, interactions with the environment may select for predetermined populations. Le Douarin reaches similar conclusions in Chapter 1 by analyzing migratory pathways and developmental potentials in crest of quail-
'I. Embryogenesis and Morphogenesis of the Nervous System.- 1 A Model for Cell Line Divergence in the Ontogeny of the Peripheral Nervous System.- 1. Origin of Ganglion Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 2. Development Fate of Neural-Crest and Their Topographic Relationship to the Central Nervous System.- 2.1. Level of the Trunk.- 2.2. Rhombencephalic Level of the Neural Crest.- 3. Developmental Potentials of the Neural Crest.- 4. Developmental Potentials in Ganglia of Neural-Crest Origin.- 4.1. Peripheral Nervous System Ganglia of Neural-Crest Origin.- 4.2 Cranial Sensory Ganglia of Mixed Placodal and Crest Origin.- 5. General Conclusions and Future Perspectives.- References.- 2 Emergence of Neuronal and Glial Cell Lineages in Primate Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Perspective.- 3. Evidence for Early Cellular Divergence.- 4. Heterogeneity of Proliferative Cells.- 5. Fate of Fetal Radial Glial Cells.- 6. Comparison with the Peripheral Nervous System.- 7. Summary.- References.- 3 Heterogeneity in Neural Crest Cell Populations.- 1. Neural Crest Cells Migrate and Differentiate in Response to Environmental Cues.- 2. Environmental Regulations of Neural Crest Development Has a Number of Possible Explanations.- 2.1. Many of the Macromolecular Constituents Encountered by Migrating Crest Cells are Known.- 2.2. The Developmental State of the Cells Responding to Environmental Cues is Unclear.- 3. Cell-Type-Specific Markers, Recognizing Early Phenotypic Expression in Individual Cells, are Needed to Test Alternative Hypotheses Explaining Neural-Crest Development.- 3.1. A Monoclonal Antibody (E/C8) Recognizes an Epitope Characteristic of Neural Cells and Cn be Used to Disclose a Previously Indistinguishable Crest-Cell Subpopulation.- 3.2. Monoclonal Antibodies against Specific Gangliosides Reveal Other Subpopulations with Neuronal and Glial Traits in Crest Cell Cultures.- 4. Cell-Type-Specific Markers May Permit Analysis of the Normal Time and Order of Segregation of Cells with Specific Developmental Restrictions in Neural-Crest Lineage.- References.- 4 The First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System of the Grasshopper Embryo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Divergent Choices by the First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System.- 3. Channel and Spaces.- 4. Growth Cones and Filopodia.- 5. MP1 Filopodia and Landmark Cells.- 6. Transmission-Electron-Microscopic Reconstructions of MP1 Filopodia.- 7. Filopodia Insertion and Induction of Coated Vesicles.- References.- II. Developmental Expression of Neuraonal Phenotypic Characters.- 5 Surface-Bound and Released Neuronal Glycoconjugates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surface Glycoconjugates.- 3. Spontaneously Released Proteins.- References.- 6 The Differentiation of Membrane Properties of Spinal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of the Action Potential.- 3. Development of Electrical Uncoupling.- 4. Development of Neurotransmitter Sensitivity.- 5. Developmental Significance of Changing Membrane Properties.- 6. Roles of RNA and Protein Synthesis in Differentiation of Neuronal-Membrabe Properties.- References.- 7 The Accumulation of Acetylcholine Receptors at Nerve-Muscle Synapses in Culture.- References.- 8 Transmitter Phenotypic Plasticity in Developing and Mature Neurons in Vivo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transmitter Plasticity in the Embryo.- 3. Transmitter Plasticity in the Neonate.- 4. Transmitter Plasticity during Maturity.- 5. Other Peptides, Other Populations.- 6. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III. Nerve Growth Factor as a Model Growth Factor.- 9 Mechanisms of the Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth by Nerve Growth Factor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Actions of Nerve Growth Factor on Growth Cones.- 3. Stabilization of Neurites and Effects of Nerve Growth Factor on Microtubules.- 4. Priming Model and Multiple Actions of Nerve Growth Factor.- 5. Conclusions and Possible Relevance Autonom
'I. Embryogenesis and Morphogenesis of the Nervous System.- 1 A Model for Cell Line Divergence in the Ontogeny of the Peripheral Nervous System.- 1. Origin of Ganglion Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 2. Development Fate of Neural-Crest and Their Topographic Relationship to the Central Nervous System.- 2.1. Level of the Trunk.- 2.2. Rhombencephalic Level of the Neural Crest.- 3. Developmental Potentials of the Neural Crest.- 4. Developmental Potentials in Ganglia of Neural-Crest Origin.- 4.1. Peripheral Nervous System Ganglia of Neural-Crest Origin.- 4.2 Cranial Sensory Ganglia of Mixed Placodal and Crest Origin.- 5. General Conclusions and Future Perspectives.- References.- 2 Emergence of Neuronal and Glial Cell Lineages in Primate Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Perspective.- 3. Evidence for Early Cellular Divergence.- 4. Heterogeneity of Proliferative Cells.- 5. Fate of Fetal Radial Glial Cells.- 6. Comparison with the Peripheral Nervous System.- 7. Summary.- References.- 3 Heterogeneity in Neural Crest Cell Populations.- 1. Neural Crest Cells Migrate and Differentiate in Response to Environmental Cues.- 2. Environmental Regulations of Neural Crest Development Has a Number of Possible Explanations.- 2.1. Many of the Macromolecular Constituents Encountered by Migrating Crest Cells are Known.- 2.2. The Developmental State of the Cells Responding to Environmental Cues is Unclear.- 3. Cell-Type-Specific Markers, Recognizing Early Phenotypic Expression in Individual Cells, are Needed to Test Alternative Hypotheses Explaining Neural-Crest Development.- 3.1. A Monoclonal Antibody (E/C8) Recognizes an Epitope Characteristic of Neural Cells and Cn be Used to Disclose a Previously Indistinguishable Crest-Cell Subpopulation.- 3.2. Monoclonal Antibodies against Specific Gangliosides Reveal Other Subpopulations with Neuronal and Glial Traits in Crest Cell Cultures.- 4. Cell-Type-Specific Markers May Permit Analysis of the Normal Time and Order of Segregation of Cells with Specific Developmental Restrictions in Neural-Crest Lineage.- References.- 4 The First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System of the Grasshopper Embryo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Divergent Choices by the First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System.- 3. Channel and Spaces.- 4. Growth Cones and Filopodia.- 5. MP1 Filopodia and Landmark Cells.- 6. Transmission-Electron-Microscopic Reconstructions of MP1 Filopodia.- 7. Filopodia Insertion and Induction of Coated Vesicles.- References.- II. Developmental Expression of Neuraonal Phenotypic Characters.- 5 Surface-Bound and Released Neuronal Glycoconjugates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surface Glycoconjugates.- 3. Spontaneously Released Proteins.- References.- 6 The Differentiation of Membrane Properties of Spinal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of the Action Potential.- 3. Development of Electrical Uncoupling.- 4. Development of Neurotransmitter Sensitivity.- 5. Developmental Significance of Changing Membrane Properties.- 6. Roles of RNA and Protein Synthesis in Differentiation of Neuronal-Membrabe Properties.- References.- 7 The Accumulation of Acetylcholine Receptors at Nerve-Muscle Synapses in Culture.- References.- 8 Transmitter Phenotypic Plasticity in Developing and Mature Neurons in Vivo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transmitter Plasticity in the Embryo.- 3. Transmitter Plasticity in the Neonate.- 4. Transmitter Plasticity during Maturity.- 5. Other Peptides, Other Populations.- 6. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III. Nerve Growth Factor as a Model Growth Factor.- 9 Mechanisms of the Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth by Nerve Growth Factor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Actions of Nerve Growth Factor on Growth Cones.- 3. Stabilization of Neurites and Effects of Nerve Growth Factor on Microtubules.- 4. Priming Model and Multiple Actions of Nerve Growth Factor.- 5. Conclusions and Possible Relevance Autonom
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