Detailed knowledge of the biology of cementum is key for understanding how the periodontium functions, identifying pathological issues and for developing successful therapies for repair and regeneration of damaged periodontal tissue. Of particular importance is the regeneration of cementum, a highly sophisticated and complex system, and the interconnection of this unique tissue with the neoformation of other periodontal tissues. Therefore this book provides information about cementum proteins and related peptides with biological activity hold great therapeutic potential for the regeneration of not only periodontal structures but also of other mineralized tissues. They can pave the way to establish effective therapeutic alternatives to achieve the regeneration of the periodontal structures.