Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many environments around the world, and used for grazing, and as a green manure and cover crop. This book discusses the applications of biochemical and molecular markers for assessing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Medicago sativa L. germplasm in order to provide developed technologies for crop improvement. This book is of interest to plant geneticists, plant breeders, researchers, and scientists.