Henry B. Garrett, Albert C. Whittlesey

Charging Effects

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Guide to Spacecraft Charging Effects is a single reference source containing both theory of spacecraft charging and suggested practical detailed spacecraft design requirements and procedures to minimize the effects of spacecraft charging and to limit the effects of the resulting electrostatic discharge.

Numerous equations provide a good theoretical background, and charts, graphs, figures, tables, and photos summarize and illustrate the theoretical background. Numerous appendices expand on the main text, a well thought-out index gives quick access to important concepts, and an extensive list of references provides further avenues of research for those wishing to extend their knowledge.

Much of the environmental data and material response information has been adapted from published and unpublished scientific literature for use in this document. It is the book form of the recently issued NASA Technical Handbook NASA-HDBK-4002A, March 3, 2011 (by the same authors). In particular, this book can be used as the textbook form of that Handbook and its earlier sources, NASA Technical Paper 2361, 1984, and NASA Technical Handbook NASA-HDBK-4002, 1999 (both co-authored by the current authors).

Since the original writing of the 2361 and 4002, there have been many developments in the understanding of spacecraft charging issues and mitigation solutions, as well as advanced technologies needing new mitigation solutions. The following topics are covered in Spacecraft Charging Effects:
Solar cell technology, especially higher voltage arrays, and the new design approaches that are appropriate for them
Information about the space plasma environment
New analytic computer codes to analyze spacecraft charging
Spacecraft anomalies and failures, which have emphasized certain designs that are of greater importance than others.

Produktdetails

• JPL Space Science and Technology Series .1
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 194
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. Mai 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 16mm
• Gewicht: 475g
• ISBN-13: 9781118186459
• ISBN-10: 1118186451
• Artikelnr.: 34448451

Autorenporträt

Henry B. Garrett, PhD, is a principal scientist and, until 2011, the chief technologist for the Office of Safety and Mission Success at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). He represented JPL at the Pentagon as part of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization where he acted as deputy program manager for the highly successful DoD/NASA Clementine Lunar Mission and Program Manager for the Clementine InterStage Adapter Satellite. The recipient of the Air Force's Harold Brown Award and Legion of Merit and NASA Medals for Exceptional Engineering Achievement and for Exceptional Service, Dr. Garrett is the coauthor of Spacecraft Environment Interactions and the author of several NASA spacecraft charging guidelines. Albert C. Whittlesey, member of the staff, Principal in the Office of Safety and Mission Success, has been a part of the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) group since his arrival at JPL in 1962. Mr. Whittlesey has authored numerous symposium presentations and journal articles about various facets of EMC and spacecraft charging. He received a NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal for his technical leadership in EMC and ESD. Mr. Whittlesey is also the author of several NASA spacecraft charging guidelines with Dr. Garrett.

Inhaltsangabe

Note from the Series Editor xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 2 Introduction to the Physics of Charging and Discharging 6 2.1 Physical Concepts
6 2.1.1 Plasma
6 2.1.2 Penetration
8 2.1.3 Charge Deposition
10 2.1.4 Conductivity and Grounding
11 2.1.5 Breakdown Voltage
11 2.1.6 Dielectric Constant
12 2.1.7 Shielding Density
12 2.1.8 Electron Fluxes (Fluences) at Breakdown
12 2.2 Electron Environment
13 2.2.1 Units
14 2.2.2 Substorm Environment Specifications
15 2.3 Modeling Spacecraft Charging
16 2.3.1 The Physics of Surface Charging
17 2.3.2 The Physics of Dielectric Charging
19 2.4 Discharge Characteristics
19 2.4.1 Dielectric Surface Breakdowns
21 2.4.2 Buried (Internal) Charge Breakdowns
22 2.4.3 Spacecraft-to-Space Breakdowns
22 2.5 Coupling Models
23 2.5.1 Lumped-Element Modeling
23 2.5.2 Electromagnetic Coupling Models
23 3 Spacecraft Design Guidelines 26 3.1 Processes
26 3.1.1 Introduction
26 3.1.2 Design
27 3.1.3 Analysis
28 3.1.4 Testing and Measurement
28 3.1.5 Inspection
29 3.2 Design Guidelines
29 3.2.1 General ESD Design Guidelines
29 3.2.2 Surface ESD Design Guidelines
Excluding Solar Arrays
40 3.2.3 Internal ESD Design Guidelines
41 3.2.4 Solar Array ESD Design Guidelines
44 3.2.5 Special Situations ESD Design Guidelines
54 4 Spacecraft Test Techniques 62 4.1 Test Philosophy
62 4.2 Simulation of Parameters
63 4.3 General Test Methods
64 4.3.1 ESD-Generating Equipment
64 4.3.2 Methods of ESD Applications
68 5 Control and Monitoring Techniques 76 5.1 Active Spacecraft Charge Control
76 5.2 Environmental and Event Monitors
76 6 Material Notes and Tables 79 6.1 Dielectric Material List
79 6.2 Conductor Material List
80 A Nomenclature 83 A.1 Constants and Measurement Units
83 A.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
84 A.3 Defined Terms
89 A.4 Variables
92 A.5 Symbols
93 B The Space Environment 95 B.1 Introduction to Space Environments
95 B.1.1 Quantitative Representations of the Space Environment
95 B.1.2 Data Sources
99 B.2 Geosynchronous Environments
102 B.2.1 Geosynchronous Plasma Environments
102 B.2.2 Geosynchronous High-Energy Environments
104 B.3 Other Earth Environments
110 B.3.1 MEO
110 B.3.2 PEO
111 B.3.3 Molniya Orbit
112 B.4 Other Space Environments
112 B.4.1 Solar Wind
112 B.4.2 Earth
Jupiter
and Saturn Magnetospheres Compared
113 C Environment
Electron Transport
and Spacecraft Charging Computer Codes 122 C.1 Environment Codes
122 C.1.1 AE8/AP8
122 C.1.2 CRRES
122 C.1.3 Flux Model for Internal Charging (FLUMIC)
123 C.1.4 GIRE/SATRAD
123 C.1.5 Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment
123 C.1.6 L2 Charged Particle Environment (L2-CPE)
123 C.1.7 MIL-STD-1809
Space Environment for USAF Space Vehicles
123 C.1.8 Geosynchronous Plasma Model
124 C.1.9 Others
124 C.2 Transport Codes
124 C.2.1 Cosmic Ray Effects on MicroElectronics 1996 (CREME96)
124 C.2.2 EGS4
125 C.2.3 Geant4
125 C.2.4 Integrated TIGER Series (ITS)
125 C.2.5 MCNP/MCNPE
126 C.2.6 NOVICE
126 C.2.7 NUMIT
126 C.2.8 SHIELDOSE
127 C.2.9 SPENVIS/DICTAT
127 C.2.10 TRIM
127 C.2.11 Summary
128 C.3 Charging Codes
128 C.3.1 Environment Work Bench (EWB)
128 C.3.2 Multi-Utility Spacecraft Charging Analysis Tool (MUSCAT)
128 C.3.3 Nascap-2k and NASCAP Family of Charging Codes
129 C.3.4 SEE Interactive Spacecraft Charging Handbook
129 C.3.5 Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS)
129 D Internal Charging Analyses 132 D.1 The Physics of Dielectric Charging
132 D.2 Simple Internal Charging Analysis
134 D.3 Detailed Analysis
135 D.4 Spacecraft Level Analysis
136 D.4.1 Dose-to-Fluence Approximation
136 E Test Methods 138 E.1 Electron-Beam Tests
138 E.2 Dielectric Strength/Breakdown Voltage
139 E.3 Resistivity-Conductivity Determination
140 E.4 Simple Volume Resistivity Measurement
141 E.5 Electron-Beam Resistivity Test Method
142 E.6 NonContacting Voltmeter Resistivity Test Method
143 E.7 Dielectric Constant
Time Constant
144 E.8 Vzap Test [MIL-STD-883G
Method 3015.7 Human Body Model (HBM)]
145 E.9 Transient Susceptibility Tests
146 E.10 Component/Assembly Testing
148 E.11 Surface Charging ESD Test Environments
148 E.12 System Internal ESD Testing
148 F Voyager SEMCAP Analysis 150 G Simple Approximations: Spacecraft Surface Charging Equations 152 H Derivation of Rule Limiting Open-Circuit Board Area 156 I Expanded Worst-Case Geosynchronous Earth Environments Descriptions 159 J Key Spacecraft Charging Documents 162 J.1 U.S. Government Documents
162 J.1.1 DoD
162 J.1.2 NASA
164 J.2 Non-U.S. Government Documents
166 J.2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
166 J.2.2 European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS)/European Handbooks
166 J.2.3 European Space Research and Technology Centre
167 J.2.4 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
167 J.2.5 Other
167 K List of Figures and Tables 168 Index 173