Understand the properties and applications of one of the world's most ubiquitous flora Lichen is a single entity comprising two or more organisms--most typically algae and fungus--in a symbiotic relationship. It is one of the planet's most abundant categories of flora, with over 25,000 known species across all regions of the globe. Lichens' status as a rich source of bioactive metabolites and phytochemicals, as well as their potential as bio-indicators, has given them an increasingly prominent role in modern research into medicine, cosmetics, food, and more. Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology…mehr
Understand the properties and applications of one of the world's most ubiquitous flora Lichen is a single entity comprising two or more organisms--most typically algae and fungus--in a symbiotic relationship. It is one of the planet's most abundant categories of flora, with over 25,000 known species across all regions of the globe. Lichens' status as a rich source of bioactive metabolites and phytochemicals, as well as their potential as bio-indicators, has given them an increasingly prominent role in modern research into medicine, cosmetics, food, and more. Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen provides a comprehensive overview of these bountiful flora and their properties. It provides not only in-depth analysis of lichen physiology and ecology, but also a thorough survey of their modern and growing applications. It provides all the tools readers need to domesticate lichen and bring their properties to bear on some of humanity's most intractable scientific problems. Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen readers will also find: * Applications of lichen in fields ranging from food to cosmetics to nanoscience and beyond * Detailed discussion of topics including lichen as habitats for other organisms, lichens as anticancer drugs, antimicrobial properties of lichen, and many more * Detailed discussion on key bioactive compounds from lichens Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen is ideal for scientists and researchers in ethnobotany, pharmacology, chemistry, and biology, as well as teachers and students with an interest in biologically important lichens.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Ashoke Kumar Das, PhD, Department of Botany, Abhayapuri College, Gauhati University, Bongaigaon (Assam), India. Ajay Sharma, PhD, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India. Deepika Kathuria, PhD, Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India. Mohammad Javed Ansari, PhD, Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Moradabad, India. Garima Bhardwaj, PhD, Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute, Sangrur, India.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Overview of Lichen 1 Ashoke Kumar Das, Subrata Sarkar, and Papori Devi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Distribution 2 1.3 Morphology and Anatomy 4 1.4 Reproduction 5 1.5 Lichen Phytochemicals 6 1.6 Economic Importance 7 1.7 Conservation 7 1.8 Conclusion 8 2 The Biology of Lichen 13 Ludmilla Fitri Untari 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Lichen Life Form 14 2.3 The Internal Structure of Lichen 16 2.4 Reproduction of Lichen 16 2.5 Lichen Substrates 18 3 Taxonomy of Lichen 21 Darshita Sinha, Munmi Borkataky, Bhaben Chowardhara, and Ratul Nath 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Identification of Lichen 22 3.3 Nomenclature of Lichen 25 3.4 Classification of Lichen 26 3.5 Phylogeny of Lichen 29 3.6 Molecular Taxonomy of Lichens 30 3.7 Therapeutic and Commercial Values of Lichen 31 3.8 Conclusion 31 4 Lichen as Habitats for Other Organisms 39 Ludmilla Fitri Untari 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Lichens as Habitat 39 4.3 Benefits of Living in Lichens 45 4.4 Importance of Lichen for Biodiversity 45 4.5 Threats to Lichen Habitats 46 4.6 Conclusion 46 5 Ecology of Lichen 49 Tridip Boruah, Krity Dulal, and Puja Namo Das 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 Ecological Habitats 50 5.3 Ecological Factors for Lichen Development 52 5.4 Adaptations of Lichen 57 5.5 Lichens in Extreme Habitat 60 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 64 6 Physiology of Lichen 71 Farishta Yasmin and Rosni Jabin 6.1 Introduction 71 6.2 Physiological Interaction 73 6.3 Metabolism 73 6.4 Physiological Peculiarities 74 6.5 Conclusion 77 7 Lichen as Pioneer of Natural Ecosystem 81 Bhaskor Kolita and Ridip Kumar Gogoi 7.1 Introduction 81 7.2 Lichens as Pioneer of Ecological Succession 82 7.3 Impact of Lichen on Natural Ecosystem 84 7.4 Conclusion 86 8 Conservation of Lichens 91 Beena Kumari, Girish Kumar Sharma, Amit Vaish, Prashant Kumar, and Mohammad Javed Ansari 8.1 Introduction 91 8.2 Important Roles of Lichens 96 8.3 Biogeography (Geographic Distribution of Lichen) 97 8.4 Conservation of Lichen Diversity 100 8.5 Conservation Challenges of Lichens 100 8.6 Recommendation for Conservation of Lichens 102 8.7 Conclusion 105 9 Lichen at the Age of Climate Change 113 Barsha Devi 9.1 Introduction 113 9.2 Adaptation of Lichen to the Harsh Environment 114 9.3 Impact of Climate Change on Lichen Flora 114 9.4 Sensitivity of Lichen to Climate Change 116 9.5 Lichen as an Indicator of Climate Change 117 9.6 Transplant Experiment on Lichen 118 9.7 Carbon Sequestration by Lichen 119 9.8 Conclusion 120 10 Commercial and Traditional Uses of Lichen 125 Farak Ali, Shahnaz Alom, Apurba Gohain, Sheikh Rezzak Ali, Nilayan Guha, and Shuby Kumari 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Historical Background 126 10.3 Lichen as Ethnomedicine 127 10.4 Cultural Aspects of Lichen 127 10.5 Commercial Uses of Lichen 132 10.6 Conclusion 133 11 Bioactive Compounds in Lichens and Their Therapeutic Potential 137 Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Afzaal, Muhammad Ahtisham Raza, Habiba Arooj, Mariam Islam, and Rimsha Gulzar 11.1 Introduction 137 11.2 Diversity in Lichens 138 11.3 Bioactive Compounds in Lichens 140 11.3.4 Therapeutic Potential of Lichens 142 11.3.5 Antimicrobial Activity 142 11.3.6 Antioxidant Activity 147 11.4 Conclusion 147 12 Antioxidant Properties of Lichen 153 Hadiqa Faiz ul Rasul, Fareed Afzal, Waseem Khalid, Mateen Ahmad, Shirin gull, Izza Faiz ul Rasool, Maryam Ilyas, and Miral Javed 12.1 Introduction 153 12.2 Botanical History of Lichens 154 12.3 Classification of Lichen 154 12.4 Source and Formation of Lichen 156 12.5 Antioxidant Property 157 12.6 Constituents Responsible for Antioxidant Activity in Lichens 158 12.7 Antioxidant Activity in Parmelia sulcata, Lasallia pustulata, Hypogymnia physodes 161 12.8 Constituents Responsible for Antioxidant Behavior in Cetraria islandica 161 12.9 Techniques Used to Determine the Antioxidant Activities in Lichens 162 12.10 Conclusion 163 13 Antimicrobial Activities of Lichens 169 Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmed, Tazeen Rao, Nihad Ashraf Khan, Muneeba Aslam, and Yunita Sari Pane 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Antimicrobial Compounds of Lichen 170 13.3 Lichen Species Having Antimicrobial Properties 175 13.4 Antibacterial Properties 180 13.5 Antifungal Properties 183 13.6 Conclusion 188 14 Lichens: A Source of Anticancer Drugs 193 Ari Satia Nugraha, Thi Hai Yen Lam, Hendris Wongso, Lilla Nur Firli, and Paul A. Keller 14.1 Introduction 193 14.2 Lichen Extracts with Anticancer Activities 195 14.3 Lichen Compounds with Anticancer Activities 195 14.4 Anticancer of Lichen in Animal Model 220 14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 223 15 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of Parmelia, Cetraria, Cladonia, and Usnea 231 Varsha Sharma and Alka Rajput 15.1 Introduction 231 15.2 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Parmelia 233 15.3 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Cetraria 238 15.4 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Cladonia 238 15.5 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Usnea 243 15.6 Conclusion 249 16 Food Values of Lichen 261 Ashoke Kumar Das, Subrata Sarkar, Lily Devi, Chatna Hasnu, and Saurabh Bhattacharjee 16.1 Introduction 261 16.2 Historical Background 262 16.3 Lichen as Food for Human 263 16.4 Lichen as Spices and Flavor Enhancer 264 16.5 Lichens as Beverage 267 16.6 Lichens as Feed 268 16.7 Conclusion 269 17 Lichen as a Raw Material in Perfumery and Cosmetic Industries 275 Shahnaz Alom, Farak Ali, Bibhuti Busan Kakoti, Sandipan Choudhury, and Abdul Baquee Ahmed 17.1 Introduction 275 17.2 Historical Background of Lichens Used in Perfume Industry 276 17.3 Commercially Viable Lichen Species in Perfumery and Cosmetic Industries 277 17.4 Lichen as Perfume and its Chemistry 281 17.5 Conclusion 285 18 Lichen as Bio Indicators 289 Tridip Boruah, Himasri Devi, and Shilpa Sarkar 18.1 Introduction 289 18.2 Effective Biomonitoring of Lichen Species 290 18.3 Methods of Lichen Biomonitoring 292 18.4 Lichen as Indicator to Air Pollution 294 18.5 Lichen as Heavy Metal Indicator 296 18.6 Lichen as Indicator to Toxic Material 300 18.7 Conclusion 301 19 Lichen Based Nanoparticles 305 Swati Gajbhiye and Sanjay J. Dhoble 19.1 Introduction 305 19.2 Lichen Based Nanoparticles and Their Application 307 19.3 Biocompatibility of Lichen Based Nanoparticle 311 19.4 Biosynthesis of Lichen-Based Nanoparticles 312 19.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 320 References 321 Index 325
List of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Overview of Lichen 1 Ashoke Kumar Das, Subrata Sarkar, and Papori Devi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Distribution 2 1.3 Morphology and Anatomy 4 1.4 Reproduction 5 1.5 Lichen Phytochemicals 6 1.6 Economic Importance 7 1.7 Conservation 7 1.8 Conclusion 8 2 The Biology of Lichen 13 Ludmilla Fitri Untari 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Lichen Life Form 14 2.3 The Internal Structure of Lichen 16 2.4 Reproduction of Lichen 16 2.5 Lichen Substrates 18 3 Taxonomy of Lichen 21 Darshita Sinha, Munmi Borkataky, Bhaben Chowardhara, and Ratul Nath 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Identification of Lichen 22 3.3 Nomenclature of Lichen 25 3.4 Classification of Lichen 26 3.5 Phylogeny of Lichen 29 3.6 Molecular Taxonomy of Lichens 30 3.7 Therapeutic and Commercial Values of Lichen 31 3.8 Conclusion 31 4 Lichen as Habitats for Other Organisms 39 Ludmilla Fitri Untari 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Lichens as Habitat 39 4.3 Benefits of Living in Lichens 45 4.4 Importance of Lichen for Biodiversity 45 4.5 Threats to Lichen Habitats 46 4.6 Conclusion 46 5 Ecology of Lichen 49 Tridip Boruah, Krity Dulal, and Puja Namo Das 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 Ecological Habitats 50 5.3 Ecological Factors for Lichen Development 52 5.4 Adaptations of Lichen 57 5.5 Lichens in Extreme Habitat 60 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 64 6 Physiology of Lichen 71 Farishta Yasmin and Rosni Jabin 6.1 Introduction 71 6.2 Physiological Interaction 73 6.3 Metabolism 73 6.4 Physiological Peculiarities 74 6.5 Conclusion 77 7 Lichen as Pioneer of Natural Ecosystem 81 Bhaskor Kolita and Ridip Kumar Gogoi 7.1 Introduction 81 7.2 Lichens as Pioneer of Ecological Succession 82 7.3 Impact of Lichen on Natural Ecosystem 84 7.4 Conclusion 86 8 Conservation of Lichens 91 Beena Kumari, Girish Kumar Sharma, Amit Vaish, Prashant Kumar, and Mohammad Javed Ansari 8.1 Introduction 91 8.2 Important Roles of Lichens 96 8.3 Biogeography (Geographic Distribution of Lichen) 97 8.4 Conservation of Lichen Diversity 100 8.5 Conservation Challenges of Lichens 100 8.6 Recommendation for Conservation of Lichens 102 8.7 Conclusion 105 9 Lichen at the Age of Climate Change 113 Barsha Devi 9.1 Introduction 113 9.2 Adaptation of Lichen to the Harsh Environment 114 9.3 Impact of Climate Change on Lichen Flora 114 9.4 Sensitivity of Lichen to Climate Change 116 9.5 Lichen as an Indicator of Climate Change 117 9.6 Transplant Experiment on Lichen 118 9.7 Carbon Sequestration by Lichen 119 9.8 Conclusion 120 10 Commercial and Traditional Uses of Lichen 125 Farak Ali, Shahnaz Alom, Apurba Gohain, Sheikh Rezzak Ali, Nilayan Guha, and Shuby Kumari 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Historical Background 126 10.3 Lichen as Ethnomedicine 127 10.4 Cultural Aspects of Lichen 127 10.5 Commercial Uses of Lichen 132 10.6 Conclusion 133 11 Bioactive Compounds in Lichens and Their Therapeutic Potential 137 Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Afzaal, Muhammad Ahtisham Raza, Habiba Arooj, Mariam Islam, and Rimsha Gulzar 11.1 Introduction 137 11.2 Diversity in Lichens 138 11.3 Bioactive Compounds in Lichens 140 11.3.4 Therapeutic Potential of Lichens 142 11.3.5 Antimicrobial Activity 142 11.3.6 Antioxidant Activity 147 11.4 Conclusion 147 12 Antioxidant Properties of Lichen 153 Hadiqa Faiz ul Rasul, Fareed Afzal, Waseem Khalid, Mateen Ahmad, Shirin gull, Izza Faiz ul Rasool, Maryam Ilyas, and Miral Javed 12.1 Introduction 153 12.2 Botanical History of Lichens 154 12.3 Classification of Lichen 154 12.4 Source and Formation of Lichen 156 12.5 Antioxidant Property 157 12.6 Constituents Responsible for Antioxidant Activity in Lichens 158 12.7 Antioxidant Activity in Parmelia sulcata, Lasallia pustulata, Hypogymnia physodes 161 12.8 Constituents Responsible for Antioxidant Behavior in Cetraria islandica 161 12.9 Techniques Used to Determine the Antioxidant Activities in Lichens 162 12.10 Conclusion 163 13 Antimicrobial Activities of Lichens 169 Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmed, Tazeen Rao, Nihad Ashraf Khan, Muneeba Aslam, and Yunita Sari Pane 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Antimicrobial Compounds of Lichen 170 13.3 Lichen Species Having Antimicrobial Properties 175 13.4 Antibacterial Properties 180 13.5 Antifungal Properties 183 13.6 Conclusion 188 14 Lichens: A Source of Anticancer Drugs 193 Ari Satia Nugraha, Thi Hai Yen Lam, Hendris Wongso, Lilla Nur Firli, and Paul A. Keller 14.1 Introduction 193 14.2 Lichen Extracts with Anticancer Activities 195 14.3 Lichen Compounds with Anticancer Activities 195 14.4 Anticancer of Lichen in Animal Model 220 14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 223 15 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of Parmelia, Cetraria, Cladonia, and Usnea 231 Varsha Sharma and Alka Rajput 15.1 Introduction 231 15.2 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Parmelia 233 15.3 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Cetraria 238 15.4 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Cladonia 238 15.5 Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Usnea 243 15.6 Conclusion 249 16 Food Values of Lichen 261 Ashoke Kumar Das, Subrata Sarkar, Lily Devi, Chatna Hasnu, and Saurabh Bhattacharjee 16.1 Introduction 261 16.2 Historical Background 262 16.3 Lichen as Food for Human 263 16.4 Lichen as Spices and Flavor Enhancer 264 16.5 Lichens as Beverage 267 16.6 Lichens as Feed 268 16.7 Conclusion 269 17 Lichen as a Raw Material in Perfumery and Cosmetic Industries 275 Shahnaz Alom, Farak Ali, Bibhuti Busan Kakoti, Sandipan Choudhury, and Abdul Baquee Ahmed 17.1 Introduction 275 17.2 Historical Background of Lichens Used in Perfume Industry 276 17.3 Commercially Viable Lichen Species in Perfumery and Cosmetic Industries 277 17.4 Lichen as Perfume and its Chemistry 281 17.5 Conclusion 285 18 Lichen as Bio Indicators 289 Tridip Boruah, Himasri Devi, and Shilpa Sarkar 18.1 Introduction 289 18.2 Effective Biomonitoring of Lichen Species 290 18.3 Methods of Lichen Biomonitoring 292 18.4 Lichen as Indicator to Air Pollution 294 18.5 Lichen as Heavy Metal Indicator 296 18.6 Lichen as Indicator to Toxic Material 300 18.7 Conclusion 301 19 Lichen Based Nanoparticles 305 Swati Gajbhiye and Sanjay J. Dhoble 19.1 Introduction 305 19.2 Lichen Based Nanoparticles and Their Application 307 19.3 Biocompatibility of Lichen Based Nanoparticle 311 19.4 Biosynthesis of Lichen-Based Nanoparticles 312 19.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 320 References 321 Index 325
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