Clathrate hydrates are crystalline water-based solids that look like ice and can carry other type of materials, either gas or liquid. Such molecules are trapped inside the cages of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules and keep the complexes stable. Typically, low molecular weight or natural gases can be found inside the complexes, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and short hydrocarbons, like methane. As hydrate science has advanced, studying the molecule level details of the hydrates for a large variety of guest molecules has been enabled. This level of molecular detail can lead to a…mehr
Clathrate hydrates are crystalline water-based solids that look like ice and can carry other type of materials, either gas or liquid. Such molecules are trapped inside the cages of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules and keep the complexes stable. Typically, low molecular weight or natural gases can be found inside the complexes, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and short hydrocarbons, like methane. As hydrate science has advanced, studying the molecule level details of the hydrates for a large variety of guest molecules has been enabled. This level of molecular detail can lead to a revisiting of some accepted notions on the behavior and structure of hydrate materials. Bringing these new insights to the attention of the community of hydrate researchers will be beneficial to advancing further research.
John A. Ripmeester is Principal Research Officer (retired), Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Ottawa, Canada. He has more than fifty years of research experience in clathrates and inclusion compounds, porous materials, supramolecular materials, materials characterization, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the author or co-author of more than 750 journal and conference papers. Saman Alavi is an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, in Ottawa, Canada. He is the author of more than 150 journal and conference papers. Dr. Alavi's current research activities center on simulations of clathrate hydrate materials.
Inhaltsangabe
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE CLASSIFICATION OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Hydrates as Inclusion Compounds Guest Chemistry Phase Equilibria STRUCTURE OF CLATHRATE HYDRATE PHASES General and Specific Structures Structural Transitions Structure Relationships SYNTHESIS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Stoichiometry of Hydrates Liquid-gas, Solid-Liquid and Solid-Gas Reactions Kinetic Control vs. Thermodynamic Control CHARACTERIZATION OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Diffraction Techniques Spectroscopy Techniques Molecular Simulations THERMODYNAMICS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Statistical Mechanics Guest-Host Interactions Free Energy Calculations Classical Methods of Composition Analysis Heats of Formation, Decomposition, Enclathration KINETICS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATE FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION Macroscopic vs Microscopic Measurements Nucleation: Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Growth and Decomposition Kinetic Inhibitors Anomalous Preservation Memory Effects DYNAMICS OF WATER AND GUEST MOLECULES IN CLATHRATE HYDRATES Reorienational Dynamics and Diffusion of Guest Molecules Diffusion of Guest Molecules Quantum Effects MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Expansivity: Microscopic and Macroscopic Studies Elastic Constants Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity HIGH PRESSURE CLATHRATE HYDRATE PHASES Experimental Techniques APPLICATIONS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Natural Gas Production Gas Separations Gas Storage Desalination Energy Storage APPENDIX Listing of Known Guest Materials
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE CLASSIFICATION OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Hydrates as Inclusion Compounds Guest Chemistry Phase Equilibria STRUCTURE OF CLATHRATE HYDRATE PHASES General and Specific Structures Structural Transitions Structure Relationships SYNTHESIS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Stoichiometry of Hydrates Liquid-gas, Solid-Liquid and Solid-Gas Reactions Kinetic Control vs. Thermodynamic Control CHARACTERIZATION OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Diffraction Techniques Spectroscopy Techniques Molecular Simulations THERMODYNAMICS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Statistical Mechanics Guest-Host Interactions Free Energy Calculations Classical Methods of Composition Analysis Heats of Formation, Decomposition, Enclathration KINETICS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATE FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION Macroscopic vs Microscopic Measurements Nucleation: Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Growth and Decomposition Kinetic Inhibitors Anomalous Preservation Memory Effects DYNAMICS OF WATER AND GUEST MOLECULES IN CLATHRATE HYDRATES Reorienational Dynamics and Diffusion of Guest Molecules Diffusion of Guest Molecules Quantum Effects MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Expansivity: Microscopic and Macroscopic Studies Elastic Constants Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity HIGH PRESSURE CLATHRATE HYDRATE PHASES Experimental Techniques APPLICATIONS OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES Natural Gas Production Gas Separations Gas Storage Desalination Energy Storage APPENDIX Listing of Known Guest Materials
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