Janos Schanda (ed.)

Colorimetry

Understanding the Cie System
Ed. by Janos Schanda

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

The definitive reference on CIE colorimetry

Since 1931, the CIE (the International Commission on Illumination, abbreviated as CIE from the original French, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) has set colorimetric standards and procedures that are now integral in performing laboratory and industrial color measurements. Over the past seventy-six years, the CIE has periodically issued updates and further recommendations regarding colorimetry; this book compiles this information in one practical, comprehensive resource that:
Addresses all aspects of CIE colorimetry, including: basic principles, colorimetric measurements and calculations (including uncertainty analysis), color difference and color appearance evaluation, color management, visual fundamentals and their implications in updating the colorimetric system (i.e., temporal and spatial problems), and more
Covers the historical background of colorimetric measurements, recent developments, and future perspectives
Helps readers understand the fundamentals and properly use the current international standards and recommendations
Presents the material?in a tutorial format that is accessible to both professionals in the field and students
Includes several appendices, with a listing of CIE publications and more

This is the single-source, hands-on reference for color and vision scientists, industrial color engineers, and lighting and optical engineers. It is also an excellent textbook for upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses dealing with colorimetry.

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Produktdetails

• Wiley-Interscience
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 504
• Erscheinungstermin: 10. August 2007
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 243mm x 158mm x 35mm
• Gewicht: 836g
• ISBN-13: 9780470049044
• ISBN-10: 0470049049
• Artikelnr.: 21539430

Autorenporträt

Janos Schanda, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of the University of Pannonia in Hungary, where he taught colorimetry and visual ergonomics. He headed the Department of Image Processing and Neurocomputing between 1996 and 2000, and served as secretary of the CIE. He is a member of the advisory boards of Color Research and Application, Lighting Research and Technology, Light and Engineering, and Journal of Light and Visual Environment.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xvii Contributors and Referees xxi Part I Historic retrospection 1 Translation of CIE 1931 Resolutions on Colorimetry 1 Translated by P. Bodrogi Decision 1 1 Decision 2 4 Appendix to Decision 2 5 Decision 3 5 Decision 3a 8 Decision 4 8 Decision 5 8 2 Professor Wright's Paper from the Golden Jubilee Book: The Historical and Experimental Background to the 1931 CIE System of Colorimetry 9 W. D. Wright Color mixture and measurement in the Nineteenth Century 9 American contributions to photometry and colorimetry, 1900-24 11 The run-up to the 1931 observer: 1924-30 12 The drama of 1931 17 Postscript to 1931 21 Note added in proof 22 References 22 Part II Colorimetric Fundamentals 3 CIE Colorimetry 25 János Schanda Introduction 25 CIE standard colorimetric observers 27 The CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer 29 Determination of the r( 
), g(
), b( 
) color-matching functions 29 Derivation of the CIE XYZ trichromatic system from the CIE RGB trichromatic system 29 Tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates 31 CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer 35 k10 in the tristimulus values of self-luminous objects for the 10 observer 36 k10 in the tristimulus values of non-self-luminous objects for the 10 observer 36 Chromaticity coordinates for the 10 observer 37 Notes on the use of the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer 37 CIE illuminants and sources 37 CIE standard illuminant A and Planckian radiators 38 Daylight illuminants 40 CIE standard illuminant D 65 42 CIE illuminants 43 CIE sources and simulators for colorimetry 44 Source A 44 Sources B and c 45 Source D 65 45 Standards and recommendations for measuring reflecting/transmitting materials 47 Terms used in conjunction with transmission and reflection measurement 47 Phenomena 47 Quantities to describe reflection and transmission 48 Measuring geometries 49 The sample plane and influx geometry 50 Directional geometries 54 Quantities using different measuring geometries 55 Nonstandard geometries 55 Recommended geometry for transmission measurements 55 Standards of reflectance 57 Uniform chromaticity diagram and uniform color spaces 58 Uniform chromaticity diagram, CIE 1976 UCS diagram 59 CIE 1976 uniform color spaces 60 CIE 1976 (L*a* b*) color space, CIELAB color space 61 Cie 1976 (L* u* v*) Color Space, Cieluv Color Space 64 Descriptors of chromaticity 65 Dominant/complementary wavelength and purity 65 Correlated color temperature 67 Whiteness 68 Metamerism 70 Special metamerism index: change in illuminant 71 Special metamerism index: change in observer 72 Summary 74 Appendix A 74 Appendix B 75 References 76 4 CIE Color Difference Metrics 79 Klaus Witt Introduction 79 MacAdam's experiments on variable stimuli 80 Adams' and Nickerson's contribution to color difference evaluation 82 Constant stimuli experiments 83 CIE 1976 color difference formulas 84 Testing and improving CIELAB 88 Collection of new datasets 91 Development of CIEDE 2000 91 Further developments 97 References 98 5 Spectral Color Measurement 101 Yoshi Ohno Introduction 101 General practice in spectral color measurements 102 Type of instruments 102 Use of spectroradiometers for light source color measurement 103 Irradiance mode 104 Radiance mode 105 Total flux mode 106 Colorimetric calculation 107 Use of spectrophotometers for object color measurements 107 Geometries for reflectance color measurement 108 Color calculation 109 Critical parameters of spectrometers for color measurement 109 Sampling interval and bandpass of instruments 109 Sampling interval for object color measurement 110 Effect of bandpass in object color measurement 112 Effect of bandpass and scanning interval in measurement of light sources 112 Wavelength scale error 116 Uncertainties in measured spectral values 118 Stray light in the monochromator 119 Other sources of error 122 Methods for corrections of error 123 Correction of bandpass error 123 ASTM E 308 123 Stearns and Stearns' method 124 Extended method for bandpass correction 125 Summary for bandwidth and scanning interval requirements 127 Correction of stray light 128 Uncertainty analysis 129 Basic steps 130 Numerical method for sensitivity coefficient 131 Acknowledgment 132 References 132 6 Tristimulus Color Measurement of Self-Luminous Sources 135 János Schanda, George Eppeldauer, and Georg Sauter Introduction 135 Basic structure of a tristimulus colorimeter 136 Input optics of a colorimeter for self-luminous objects 137 Illuminance-meter-type input optics 137 Luminance-meter-type input optics 138 Image-taking colorimeters 139 Spectral matching of the colorimeter 139 Electronics 142 Calibration 142 Calibration with a standard source 142 Calibration based on standard detectors 144 Introduction 144 The spectral responsivity based calibration method 144 Calibration and measurement considerations 145 Transfer of calibration 147 Uncertainty estimation of a tristimulus colorimeter measurement 148 Principle of the tristimulus calibration for a self-luminous object measuring tristimulus instrument 148 Numerical example for a tristimulus calibration 151 Calibration for selected spectral distributions 152 Glossary 154 Basic terms 154 Specific terms 155 References 156 7 Color Management 159 Ján Morovi
and Johan Lammens Introduction 159 Color reproduction objectives 160 Viewing a pair of colors 161 Conceptual stages of color reproduction 163 Device color spaces 164 Device characterization and calibration 165 Color appearance model 166 Color and image enhancement 166 Color gamut mapping 167 Completing the process 168 The ICC color management framework 168 sRGB color management 170 Challenges of color management 171 Does color need to be managed? 172 Analog color management 174 Watercolor reproduction scenario 176 Original to scan 177 Challenges of scanner characterization 178 Scanner characterization models 180 Scanner ICC profiles 181 Scanned watercolor 182 Scan to display 182 Challenges of display characterization 183 Display characterization models and their implementation in profiles 183 Transforming scanned data to data for display 184 Editing and page layout 185 Proofing 188 Proof printer calibration 189 Proof printer characterization 190 Rendering intents for proofing 191 Evaluation of proof prints 192 Challenges and opportunities 193 Poster and leaflet production 194 Future opportunities 195 Self-calibrating and self-profiling devices 195 Workflow automation 196 Automatic adaptation to viewing environment 198 Spatial processing 200 Smart CMMs 200 Multispectral imaging (CIE TC8-07) 202 Conclusion 202 Acknowledgments 202 References 203 8 Color Rendering of Light Sources 207 János Schanda Introduction 207 The official CIE test sample method of color rendering evaluation 208 Recent investigations to update the color-rendering index calculation 211 Supplementary methods to describe color quality of light sources 213 Summary 214 References 215 Part III Advances in colorimetry 9 Color-Matching Functions: Physiological Basis 219 Françoise Viénot and Pieter Walraven The link between colorimetry and physiology 219 The definition of cone fundamentals 220 Historical background 220 Decision by CIE 220 Available experimental data 220 State of the art in physiology 220 In vitro measurements 220 The principle of univariance 221 Dartnall nomogram: dilute pigment: effective transmission optical density 221 Available psychophysical measurements 222 Spectral sensitivity functions of dichromats and the König hypothesis 222 Spectral sensitivity functions of isolated cone mechanisms 222 Short description of colorimetric databases 223 Extending colorimetric data from 10 field to any field size from 10 to 1 226 The cone fundamentals 226 Linear transformation that yields the 10 cone fundamentals 227 Validation of cone fundamentals 228 Calculation scheme from dilute photopigment spectral absorbance to color-matching functions, and reverse 228 Lens and other preretinal media 228 Macular pigment 229 Calculation scheme from dilute photopigment spectral absorbance to cone spectral absorbance, and reverse 229 S-cone fundamental from 510 to 615 nm (2 field and 10 field) 231 Extension to any field size 231 The aging observer 232 The calculation of tristimulus values 233 CIE recommendations from CIE and final tables 234 Discussion and perspectives 235 An isoluminant fundamental chromaticity diagram 235 Units and luminous efficiency function 235 The l, s chromaticity diagram 236 A CIE-like chromaticity diagram 237 Individual variations 238 At the receptoral level 238 Postreceptoral processing: weighting L-signals and M-signals for luminance 238 Examples of applications: The future 238 Color vision deficiencies 238 Observer metamerism 239 Color differences 239 Color appearance models 239 Conclusion 240 Acknowledgments 240 References 240 10 Open Problems on the Validity of Grassmann's Laws 245 Michael H. Brill and Alan R. Robertson Definition of the problem 245 Historical review 246 Theoretical approaches 248 Generalizations of grassmann additivity 248 Theory of transformation of primaries 250 Numerical experiment 251 Summary of the method 251 Results and discussion 252 Conclusion 254 Activities of CIE TC 1-56 254 The future 257 References 258 11 CIE Color Appearance Models and Associated Color Spaces 261 M. Ronnier Luo and Changjun li Introduction 261 Viewing conditions 262 Stimulus 262 Proximal field 263 Background 263 Surround 263 Adapting field 263 Color appearance datasets 263 Chromatic adaptation transforms 264 Light and chromatic adaptation 264 Physiological mechanisms 264 Chromatic adaptation 264 Development of the CAT02 used in CIECAM 02 266 CIE Color appearance models 268 CIECAM97s 269 Ciecam 02 270 Color appearance phenomena 271 Chromatic adaptation 271 Hunt effect 273 Stevens effect 274 Surround effect 275 Lightness contrast effect 276 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect 276 Helson-Judd effect 277 Uniform Color Spaces based on CIECAM 02 277 CIECAM02-based color spaces 277 Comparing the performance of the new UCSs with some selected color models 278 Conclusions 280 References 281 Appendix A: chromatic adaptation transform: CAT 02 284 Part 1: Forward Mode 284 Part 2: Reverse Mode 285 Appendix B: CIE color appearance model: CIECAM 02 286 Part 1: The Forward Mode 286 Part 2: The Reverse Mode 291 12 Image Appearance Modeling 295 Garrett M. Johnson and Mark D. Fairchild Introduction 295 From simple to complex color appearance 296 Image appearance modeling 300 The general iCAM framework for image appearance 301 Specific implementations of image appearance models: high-dynamic range tone-mapping 308 Testing high-dynamic range rendering algorithms 312 An implementation of image appearance for calculating image differences 314 Spatial frequency adaptation 318 Calculating image differences 319 Conclusions and future considerations 320 References 321 13 Spatial and Temporal Problems of Colorimetry 325 Eugenio Martinez-Uriegas Introduction 325 Radiometry, photometry, colorimetry, and human vision 325 Standards of color: the role of biology and psychophysics 326 Spatial and temporal constraints of colorimetry: a selective overview 329 Spectral, spatial, and temporal dimensions of visible light 329 Classical separation of spatial, temporal, and color vision 330 Two examples of spatial limitations of colorimetry 331 Representation of spatial and temporal properties of visible light 335 Spatial and temporal distributions of visible light 335 Detection and discrimination thresholds 338 Visual multiplexing of spatiotemporal chromatic and achromatic information 340 Developing CSF standards 342 General approach: data-based or theory-based standard 342 Initial results 343 Multiscale colorimetry: a spatiotemporal path forward 345 Example of multiscale image decomposition 345 Scale-shifting conjecture 348 Multiscale colorimetry: a spatiotemporal path forward 348 Summary thoughts 352 References 352 14 The Future of Colorimetry in the CIE 355 Robert W.G. Hunt Introduction 355 Color matching 355 Color difference 357 Color appearance 359 Sources of funds 362 References 362 Appendix 1 Measurement Uncertainty 365 Georg Sauter Introduction 365 Definitions and types for the evaluation of uncertainty 366 Definitions of terms 366 Types for the evaluation of uncertainty 367 Model of evaluation of uncertainty 368 Monte Carlo method 369 Model with two or more output quantities 371 Expanded uncertainty 373 Steps for evaluating uncertainty 373 Practical examples 374 Determination of the spectral irradiance of a source 375 Principle of a spectral irradiance measurement 375 Operation of a spectral irradiance standard 376 Mechanical alignments 378 Uncertainty Budget 379 Determination of f1 0 values 383 Uncertainty of f1 0 values with Monte Carlo method 386 References 387 Appendix 2 Uncertainties in Spectral Color Measurement 389 James L. Gardner Introduction 389 Tristimulus values 390 Uncertainty propagation 392 Tristimulus uncertainties by component 393 Random component effects 394 Systematic component effects 394 Propagation from tristimulus uncertainties to colour-value uncertainties 396 Methods of calculation for color triplets 397 (x,y,Y) color coordinates 397 (u,v,Y) color coordinates 398 (u', y', Y) color coordinates 398 (L *, a*, b*) color coordinates 399 (L*, C*, h) color coordinates (based on a*, b*) 399 (L*, u*, v) Color Coordinates 400 (L*, C*, h) Color Coordinates (based on U*, V*) 401 (L*, s*, h) Color Coordinates (based on U*, V*) 401 Spectral measurement as a transfer 401 Uncertainty of the reference values 402 Relative scaling of the measured spectral values 403 Random scaling components 403 Systematic scaling components 403 Offsets in the spectral values 403 Random offset components 404 Systematic offset components 404 Wavelength errors 404 Random wavelength offsets 405 Systematic wavelength offsets 405 Determining measurement components 405 Background offsets 406 Noise versus drift 406 Source noise 407 Band-limited spectra 407 Wavelength uncertainties 407 Nonlinearity 408 Corrections 408 Conclusion 409 References 409 Appendix 3 Use of CIE Colorimetry in the Pulp, Paper, and Textile Industries 411 Robert Hirschler and Joanne Zwinkels Introduction 411 Pulp and paper applications 411 Introduction 411 Beneficiaries of CIE colorimetry 413 CIE illuminant C and CIE standard geometry d/ 0 413 Other CIE standard illuminants and standardized light sources 415 CIE color spaces 416 CIE reference standards 416 CIE whiteness and tint equations 418 Harmonized Terminology 419 Driving force in the development of CIE colorimetry 419 Establishment of new CIE technical committees 419 Practical simulator of illuminant D 65 420 Future needs 422 Conclusion 422 Textile applications 423 Introduction 423 CIELAB color space and its derivations 423 Characterization of the buildup of colorants and of colorant combinations 423 Standard Depth (SD) 424 Color difference evaluation 425 Shade sorting, tapering 425 Fastness evaluation 427 Determination of whiteness 427 Recipe formulation 429 Future needs 429 Conclusion 430 References 430 Appendix 4 List of CIE Publications 435 Recommendations 435 Standards 435 Technical committee reports 436 Proceedings of the sessions 441 Discs and other publications 442 Special publications 442 CIE publications on CD-ROM 443 Glossary 445 Index 453