This Volume forms the cornerstone of this series of four books on Membrane Transport in Biology. It includes chapters that address i) the theoretical basis of investigations of transport processes across biological membranes, ii) some of the experimental operations often used by scientists in this field, iii) chemical and biological properties common to most biological membranes, and iv) planar thin lipid bilayers as models for biological membranes. The themes developed in these chapters recur frequently throughout the entire series. Transport of molecules across biological membranes is a…mehr
This Volume forms the cornerstone of this series of four books on Membrane Transport in Biology. It includes chapters that address i) the theoretical basis of investigations of transport processes across biological membranes, ii) some of the experimental operations often used by scientists in this field, iii) chemical and biological properties common to most biological membranes, and iv) planar thin lipid bilayers as models for biological membranes. The themes developed in these chapters recur frequently throughout the entire series. Transport of molecules across biological membranes is a special case of diffu sion and convection in liquids. The conceptual frame of reference used by investigators in this field derives, in large part, from theories of such processes in homogeneous phases. Examples of the application of such theories to transport across biological membranes are found in Chapters 2 and 4 of this Volume. In Chapter 2, Sten-Knudsen emphasizes a statistical and molecular approach while, in Chapter 4 Sauer makes heavy use of the thermodynamics of irreversi ble processes. Taken together, these contributions introduce the reader to the two sets of ideas which have dominated the thinking of scientists working in this field. Theoretical consideration of a more special character are also included in several other Chapters in Volume I. For example, Ussing (Chapter 3) re-works the flux ratio equation which he introduced into the field of transport across biological membranes in 1949.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
1 - Membrane Transport in Biology.- 2 - Passive Transport Processes.- A. Introduction.- B. Fundamental Definitions.- C. Diffusion Processes: Macroscopic Treatment.- D. Diffusion Processes: Microscopic Aspects.- E. Diffusion and Superimposed Convection.- F. Electrodiffusion.- Acknowledgements.- List of Symbols.- References.- 3 - Interpretation of Tracer Fluxes.- A. Introduction.- B. Fundamental Concepts.- C. Tracer Permeability Coefficients.- D. The Concept of Unidirectional Flux.- E. Flux Ratio Analysis.- F. Examples.- G. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 - Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Isotope Flow through Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. The System: Definitions and Mathematical Techniques.- C. Nonthermodynamic Considerations of Isotope Flow.- D. The Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Approach.- E. Applications to Model Systems.- F. Summary.- Acknowledgements.- List of Symbols.- References.- 5 - Use of Microelectrodes for Measurement of Membrane Potentials.- A. Introduction.- B. Principles of Bioelectric Recording.- C. The Glass Capillary Microelectrode.- D. Potential Recording with Microelectrodes.- E. Epilogue.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6 - Chemical Composition of Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Some General Observations on Erythrocyte Composition.- C. Comments on Major Components of the Erythrocyte Membrane.- References.- 7 - Genetic Determination of Membrane Transport.- A. Introduction.- B. Microorganisms.- C. Higher Organisms.- D. Cultured Somatic Cells.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 8 - Mechanisms of Ion Transport and ATP Formation.- A. Translocation of Protons by the Oxidation Chain of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.- B. The Translocation of Protons by Bacteriorhodopsin.- C. The Translocation of Protons by the Oligomycin- orDicyclohexylcarbodiimide-Sensitive ATPase of Mitochondria, Chloroplasts and Bacteria.- D. Translocation of Calcium by the ATPase Complex of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- E. Translocation of Sodium and Potassium Ions by the ATPase Complex of the Plasma Membrane.- F. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgement.- Abbreviations.- Addendum.- References.- 9 - Membrane Immunological Reactions and Transport.- A. Introduction: The Concept.- B. Immunological Reactions and Membrane Transport Proteins.- C. Immunological Reactions at the Outer Membrane Surface and Cation Transport in Erythrocytes.- D. Membrane Immunological Reactions and Cation Transport in Lymphocytes and Other Cells.- E. Summary and Prospectus.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 10 - Membrane Receptors, Cyclic Nucleotides, and Transport.- A. Introduction.- B. Beta-Adrenergic-Receptor Binding in Avian and Amphibian Erythrocytes.- C. Beta-Adrenergic-Mediated Transport Processes in Avian and Amphibian Erythrocytes.- D. The Amphibian Bladder.- E. Cholera Enterotoxin.- F. The Superior Cervical Ganglion.- G. Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors.- H. The Heart.- J. General Comments and Conclusions.- References.- 11 - Permeability Properties of Unmodified Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- C. Transport Model and the Potential Energy Barrier.- D. Permeability to Neutral Solutes.- E. Ion Permeability.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 12 - Carrier-Mediated Ion Transport Across Thin Lipid Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Carriers of Hydrogen Ions.- C. Macrocyclic Carriers.- D. The Iodide-Iodine System.- E. The Carrier-Transport Model.- F. Biological Implications.- References.- 13 - Channels in Black Lipid Films.- A. Introduction.- B. Basic Experiments.- C. Advanced Experiments.- D. PossibleMolecular Mechanisms of Pore Formation.- Acknowledgements.- References.
1 - Membrane Transport in Biology.- 2 - Passive Transport Processes.- A. Introduction.- B. Fundamental Definitions.- C. Diffusion Processes: Macroscopic Treatment.- D. Diffusion Processes: Microscopic Aspects.- E. Diffusion and Superimposed Convection.- F. Electrodiffusion.- Acknowledgements.- List of Symbols.- References.- 3 - Interpretation of Tracer Fluxes.- A. Introduction.- B. Fundamental Concepts.- C. Tracer Permeability Coefficients.- D. The Concept of Unidirectional Flux.- E. Flux Ratio Analysis.- F. Examples.- G. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 - Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Isotope Flow through Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. The System: Definitions and Mathematical Techniques.- C. Nonthermodynamic Considerations of Isotope Flow.- D. The Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Approach.- E. Applications to Model Systems.- F. Summary.- Acknowledgements.- List of Symbols.- References.- 5 - Use of Microelectrodes for Measurement of Membrane Potentials.- A. Introduction.- B. Principles of Bioelectric Recording.- C. The Glass Capillary Microelectrode.- D. Potential Recording with Microelectrodes.- E. Epilogue.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6 - Chemical Composition of Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Some General Observations on Erythrocyte Composition.- C. Comments on Major Components of the Erythrocyte Membrane.- References.- 7 - Genetic Determination of Membrane Transport.- A. Introduction.- B. Microorganisms.- C. Higher Organisms.- D. Cultured Somatic Cells.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 8 - Mechanisms of Ion Transport and ATP Formation.- A. Translocation of Protons by the Oxidation Chain of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.- B. The Translocation of Protons by Bacteriorhodopsin.- C. The Translocation of Protons by the Oligomycin- orDicyclohexylcarbodiimide-Sensitive ATPase of Mitochondria, Chloroplasts and Bacteria.- D. Translocation of Calcium by the ATPase Complex of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- E. Translocation of Sodium and Potassium Ions by the ATPase Complex of the Plasma Membrane.- F. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgement.- Abbreviations.- Addendum.- References.- 9 - Membrane Immunological Reactions and Transport.- A. Introduction: The Concept.- B. Immunological Reactions and Membrane Transport Proteins.- C. Immunological Reactions at the Outer Membrane Surface and Cation Transport in Erythrocytes.- D. Membrane Immunological Reactions and Cation Transport in Lymphocytes and Other Cells.- E. Summary and Prospectus.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 10 - Membrane Receptors, Cyclic Nucleotides, and Transport.- A. Introduction.- B. Beta-Adrenergic-Receptor Binding in Avian and Amphibian Erythrocytes.- C. Beta-Adrenergic-Mediated Transport Processes in Avian and Amphibian Erythrocytes.- D. The Amphibian Bladder.- E. Cholera Enterotoxin.- F. The Superior Cervical Ganglion.- G. Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors.- H. The Heart.- J. General Comments and Conclusions.- References.- 11 - Permeability Properties of Unmodified Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- C. Transport Model and the Potential Energy Barrier.- D. Permeability to Neutral Solutes.- E. Ion Permeability.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 12 - Carrier-Mediated Ion Transport Across Thin Lipid Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Carriers of Hydrogen Ions.- C. Macrocyclic Carriers.- D. The Iodide-Iodine System.- E. The Carrier-Transport Model.- F. Biological Implications.- References.- 13 - Channels in Black Lipid Films.- A. Introduction.- B. Basic Experiments.- C. Advanced Experiments.- D. PossibleMolecular Mechanisms of Pore Formation.- Acknowledgements.- References.
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