Sina Ebnesajjad

Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases

Applications in Refrigeration and Other Industries

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book describes fluorocarbons gases' preparation process, properties, applications and their evolution over time. The impact of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer and global and the development to mitigate those effects have been specially emphasized.

The first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920's, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon(r) for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life.

In spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases are harmful to the ozone layer, mainly because of their chlorine content. Chlorine was released in the upper atmosphere when chlorofluorocarbon molecules were broken down by the high energy cosmic radiation. CFCs were progressively banned following the Montreal Protocol of 1987.

CFCs were replaced by fluorinated gases containing either less chlorine (hydrofluoro-chlorocarbons, or HCFCs), which are much less damaging (about 90% less) to the ozone layer or with fluorinated gases containing no chlorine, i.e. hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. HFC have no impact on the ozone layer but impact global warming detrimentally. HFCs are usable without need for changes to the existing refrigeration or air conditioning installations. More recently hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which have little or no negative impact on global warming, have been developed to replace or reduce the use of HFCs. HFOs are used as single compounds or in blends. Research and development continues to develop and replace the HCFCs and HFCs completely with environmentally friendly products.

Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases presents a reference and text for the commercial fluorocarbon gases which have great many application in a wide range of industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as consumer products.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons / Wiley-Scrivener
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119322970
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 448
• Erscheinungstermin: 13. April 2021
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 257mm x 178mm x 30mm
• Gewicht: 976g
• ISBN-13: 9781119322979
• ISBN-10: 1119322979
• Artikelnr.: 48430003

Autorenporträt

Sina Ebnesajjad founded FluoroConsultants Group in 2006 after retiring from the DuPont Fluoroproducts with over 23 years of service. He has been a student of commercial fluorocarbon gases and their evolution since the discovery of the ozone hole. His main areas of specialty include fluoropolymer technologies including preparation and use of fluorinated monomers and polymers and surface modification of materials. He is the author, editor and co-author of more than 15 technical books including 3 titles on surface treatment of materials and adhesives and 7 titles on fluoropolymers.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Terminology 1

1.2 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorocarbons 3

1.2.1 Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment 3

1.2.2 Fluorocarbon Consumption Demand 6

1.3 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoropolymers 7

1.4 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoroelastomers 9

1.5 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorinated Coatings 9

1.6 Specialty Fluorochemicals 10

References 10

2 Classification and Description of Commercial Fluorinated Compounds 13

2.1 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals 13

2.2 Fluorocarbons 13

2.3 Designations for Fluorocarbons 15

2.4 Fluoropolymers and Fluoroelastomers 22

2.4.1 Fluoropolymers 23

2.4.2 Fluoroelastomers 24

2.5 Fluorinated Coatings 26

2.6 Summary 27

References 27

3 Fluorine Sources and Basic Fluorocarbon Reactions 29

3.1 Role of Fluorine in Fluorocarbons 29

3.2 Fluorine Sources 30

3.3 Fluorocarbon Compounds 34

3.4 Hydrofluoric Acid 34

3.4.1 Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid 34

3.5 Aliphatic Fluorinated Organic Compounds 35

3.6 Synthesis of Fluorocarbons 36

References 38

4 Applications of Fluorocarbon Gases and Liquids 41

4.1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 41

4.1.1 Refrigeration Applications 46

4.1.1.1 Chillers 46

4.1.1.2 Cold Storage Warehouses 46

4.1.1.3 Commercial Ice Machines 47

4.1.1.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers 47

4.1.1.5 Ice Skating Rinks 48

4.1.1.6 Industrial Process Air Conditioning 48

4.1.1.7 Industrial Process Refrigeration 48

4.1.1.8 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning 48

4.1.1.9 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems 48

4.1.1.10 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps 48

4.1.1.11 Residential Dehumidifiers 48

4.1.1.12 Refrigerated Transport 49

4.1.1.13 Retail Food Refrigeration 49

4.1.1.14 Vending Machines 49

4.1.1.15 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration 49

4.1.1.16 Water Coolers 49

4.2 Oil in Refrigerants 49

4.2.1 Oil Return 51

4.3 Monomers and Intermediates 51

4.4 Foam Blowing 52

4.4.1 Foam Blowing Agents 52

4.4.2 Foaming Process 54

4.4.3 Flexible Polyurethane Foams 59

4.5 Aerosol Propellants 60

4.6 Fire Extinguishing Agents 61

4.6.1 Aerospace Fire Extinguishing 63

4.7 Cleaning and Drying Solvents 66

4.8 Carrier Fluids/Lubricant Deposition 70

4.9 Heat Transfer 71

4.10 Etchants 72

4.10.1 What is Etching? 72

4.10.2 Fluorocarbon Etchants 72

4.11 Medical Applications 74

4.11.1 Enfluorane 76

4.11.2 Isoflurane 77

4.11.3 Desflurane 77

4.11.4 Sevoflurane 78

4.11.5 Methoxyflurane 79

4.12 Usage of HCFCs and HFCs 79

4.12.1 Introduction 80

4.13 Breakdown of Fluorocarbons in Applications 80

4.14 Summary 82

References 84

5 Refrigeration Cycle and Refrigerant Selection: How Refrigerant Gases Work? 87

5.1 Refrigeration Cycle 87

5.1.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle 89

5.1.2 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 91

5.1.3 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 91

5.2 Selection of Right Refrigerant 92

5.3 Refrigerant Blends 95

5.4 Comparison of Refri