As social scientists, we are often in theposition of administering measures for clinical orresearch purposes. Research has shown thatpsychometric advantages of measures using aconstruct-worded as opposed to a mixed-item formatinclude improved reliability and validity, theelimination of factorial artifacts, more consistentitem means, and lower item mean standarddeviations. This book further explores thesefindings by comparing the widely-used mixed-wordedState-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a newconstruct-worded revised version (STAI-R).Although the psychometric advantages ofconstruct-worded measures have been well-noted, noprevious efforts have been made to explain why theyoccur. By exploring the cognitive processesinvolved in responding to construct-worded andopposite-worded items, this book provides the firstsystematic attempt to describe why the psychometricproperties of these item types differ.The eye-opening findings presented in thisbook will help social scientists gain new insightsinto the rating scales they select and the resultsthey obtain.