Volume 5 of Contemporary Nephrology summarizes major advances in 15 different areas of nephrology. As in previous volumes the different chapters constitute up of the discipline contributed by individuals dates in both basic and clinical aspects with in-depth expertise in their respective areas. We are grateful to the authors for their outstanding contributions to this fifth volume. Drs. Reuss and Cotton review in Chapter 1 new advances in our understanding of water transport in epithelial tissues responsive to antidiuretic hormone. In Chap ters 2 and 3 Dr. Knox and Dr. Schoolwerth and their…mehr
Volume 5 of Contemporary Nephrology summarizes major advances in 15 different areas of nephrology. As in previous volumes the different chapters constitute up of the discipline contributed by individuals dates in both basic and clinical aspects with in-depth expertise in their respective areas. We are grateful to the authors for their outstanding contributions to this fifth volume. Drs. Reuss and Cotton review in Chapter 1 new advances in our understanding of water transport in epithelial tissues responsive to antidiuretic hormone. In Chap ters 2 and 3 Dr. Knox and Dr. Schoolwerth and their associates summarize respec tively new information in the areas of renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excre tion, and renal metabolism. Chapter 4, written by Drs. Laski and Kurtzman, updates recent developments in the regulation of acid-base balance in health and disease. Chapter 5, contributed by Drs. Sutton and Cameron, provides the reader with a detailed account of progress in the area of mineral metabolism. In Chapter 6, Dr. Campese examines the contribution of sodium, calcium, and neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. The immunological aspects of renal disease are clearly discussed by Dr. Couser in Chapter 7. New developments in this field are emphasized and should provide the reader with a clear understanding of the direction in which this field is moving. Drs. Humes and Messana (Chapter 8) discuss selected areas in which new developments have occurred in our understand ing of acute renal failure and toxic nephropathy.
1:Water Transport across ADH-Sensitive Epithelia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Working Hypothesis.- 2.1. The Control Condition.- 2.2. The Action of ADH.- 3. Biochemical Aspects of the Mechanism of Action of ADH.- 3.1. ADH Receptors.- 3.2. Adenylate Cyclase.- 3.3. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase and Protein Phosphorylation.- 3.4. Modulators of the Hydrosmotic Response.- 4. Biophysics of Osmotic Water Flow.- 4.1. Water Transport by Solubility-Diffusion.- 4.2. Water Transport via Aqueous Pores.- 4.3. Water Transport via Narrow (Single-File) Pores.- 4.4. Effects of Unstirred Layers.- 4.5. Solvent Drag.- 5. Experimental Bases for the Pore Hypothesis of Water Permeation.- 5.1. Studies Based on Measurements of Transepithelial Osmotic Water Flow.- 5.2. Studies of Osmotic Water Permeability of Single Cell Membranes.- 5.3. The Pathway for Water Permeation.- 6. Role of the Cytoskeleton and Modulation of the Hydrosmotic Effect of ADH.- 7. Other Barriers to Osmotic Water Flow.- 8. Remaining Questions and Future Directions.- References.- 2:Renal Hemodynamics and Sodium Chloride Excretion.- 1. Renal Hemodynamics.- 1.1. Myogenic Mechanism.- 1.2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.3. Sensitivity of Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.4. Other Factors Controlling Renal Hemodynamics.- 2. Sodium Chloride Excretion and Regulation.- 2.1. Sodium Balance and Its Regulation.- 2.2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.- 2.3. Prostaglandins.- 2.4. Atrial Natriuretic Factor.- 3. Function of Discrete Nephron Segments.- 3.1. Proximal Tubule.- 3.2. Loop of Henle.- 3.3. Distal Tubule.- 3.4. The Collecting System.- References.- 3:Renal Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Renal Substrate Utilization.- 2.1. Ketone Bodies.- 2.2. Serine Production.- 2.3. Citrate Transport in Metabolism.- 2.4. Kinins and Kallikrein.- 3. Effects of Acidosis on Renal Gene Expression.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Cellular Distribution of Adaptive Response.- 3.3. Altered Rates of Synthesis.- 3.4. Isolation of Specific cDNA.- 3.5. Quantitation of mRNA Levels.- 3.6. Future Studies.- 4. Adenosine in the Kidney.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Adenosine Metabolic Pathways.- 4.3. Distribution of Adenosine Receptors in the Kidney.- 4.4. Renal Handling and Production of Adenosine.- 4.5. Evidence for Adenosine Transport Systems in the Kidney.- 4.6. Physiologic Roles for Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors.- References.- 4:Acid-Base Physiology and Pathophysiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Proximal Tubule.- 2.1. Base Exit from the Proximal Tubule Cell.- 2.2. Apical Membrane Proton Transport Mechanisms.- 2.3. Cell pH Regulation in the Proximal Tubule.- 3. Bicarbonate Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule.- 4. LoopofHenle.- 5. The Distal Nephron.- 5.1. Distal Convoluted Tubule.- 5.2. Studies in Bladder Analogs of Collecting Tubule.- 5.3. Mechanisms and Intracellular pH Regulation.- 5.4. Collecting Tubule Acidification.- 6. Respiratory Acidosis.- 7. Effects of Acidosis.- 8. Ammonia and Urea.- 9. Lactic Acidosis.- 10. Miscellaneous or Global Studies of Acidification.- 11. Clinical Acid-Base Physiology.- 11.1. Tubular Defects.- 11.2. Acid-Base Disorders in Patients with Normal Renal Function.- 11.3. Acid-Base Studies in Patients with Renal Impairment.- References.- 5:Mineral Metabolism.- 1. Inorganic Phosphate.- 1.1. Renal Handling of Phosphate.- 1.2. Clinical Disorders of Renal Phosphate Transport.- 1.3. Role of Phosphorus and 1,25-Dihydroxy D in the Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Renal Failure.- 1.4. Hypophosphatemia.- 1.5. Hyperphosphatemia.- 2. Calcium.- 2.1. Renal Handling of Calcium.- 2.2. Hypercalciuria.- 2.3. Hypocalciuria.- 2.4. Hypercalcemia.- 2.5. Hypocalcemia.- 3. Vitamin D.- 3.1. Vitamin D Metabolism.- 3.2. Regulation of Renal l,25(OH)2D Production.- 3.3. Production and Action of 24,25(OH)2D.- 3.4. Extrarenal Production of l,25(OH)2D.- 3.5. Actions of l,25(OH)2D.- 3.6. l,25(OH)2D, Calcium Metabolism, and the Kidney.- 4. Magnesium.- References.- 6:Sodium, Calcium, and Neurogenic Factors
1:Water Transport across ADH-Sensitive Epithelia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Working Hypothesis.- 2.1. The Control Condition.- 2.2. The Action of ADH.- 3. Biochemical Aspects of the Mechanism of Action of ADH.- 3.1. ADH Receptors.- 3.2. Adenylate Cyclase.- 3.3. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase and Protein Phosphorylation.- 3.4. Modulators of the Hydrosmotic Response.- 4. Biophysics of Osmotic Water Flow.- 4.1. Water Transport by Solubility-Diffusion.- 4.2. Water Transport via Aqueous Pores.- 4.3. Water Transport via Narrow (Single-File) Pores.- 4.4. Effects of Unstirred Layers.- 4.5. Solvent Drag.- 5. Experimental Bases for the Pore Hypothesis of Water Permeation.- 5.1. Studies Based on Measurements of Transepithelial Osmotic Water Flow.- 5.2. Studies of Osmotic Water Permeability of Single Cell Membranes.- 5.3. The Pathway for Water Permeation.- 6. Role of the Cytoskeleton and Modulation of the Hydrosmotic Effect of ADH.- 7. Other Barriers to Osmotic Water Flow.- 8. Remaining Questions and Future Directions.- References.- 2:Renal Hemodynamics and Sodium Chloride Excretion.- 1. Renal Hemodynamics.- 1.1. Myogenic Mechanism.- 1.2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.3. Sensitivity of Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.4. Other Factors Controlling Renal Hemodynamics.- 2. Sodium Chloride Excretion and Regulation.- 2.1. Sodium Balance and Its Regulation.- 2.2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.- 2.3. Prostaglandins.- 2.4. Atrial Natriuretic Factor.- 3. Function of Discrete Nephron Segments.- 3.1. Proximal Tubule.- 3.2. Loop of Henle.- 3.3. Distal Tubule.- 3.4. The Collecting System.- References.- 3:Renal Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Renal Substrate Utilization.- 2.1. Ketone Bodies.- 2.2. Serine Production.- 2.3. Citrate Transport in Metabolism.- 2.4. Kinins and Kallikrein.- 3. Effects of Acidosis on Renal Gene Expression.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Cellular Distribution of Adaptive Response.- 3.3. Altered Rates of Synthesis.- 3.4. Isolation of Specific cDNA.- 3.5. Quantitation of mRNA Levels.- 3.6. Future Studies.- 4. Adenosine in the Kidney.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Adenosine Metabolic Pathways.- 4.3. Distribution of Adenosine Receptors in the Kidney.- 4.4. Renal Handling and Production of Adenosine.- 4.5. Evidence for Adenosine Transport Systems in the Kidney.- 4.6. Physiologic Roles for Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors.- References.- 4:Acid-Base Physiology and Pathophysiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Proximal Tubule.- 2.1. Base Exit from the Proximal Tubule Cell.- 2.2. Apical Membrane Proton Transport Mechanisms.- 2.3. Cell pH Regulation in the Proximal Tubule.- 3. Bicarbonate Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule.- 4. LoopofHenle.- 5. The Distal Nephron.- 5.1. Distal Convoluted Tubule.- 5.2. Studies in Bladder Analogs of Collecting Tubule.- 5.3. Mechanisms and Intracellular pH Regulation.- 5.4. Collecting Tubule Acidification.- 6. Respiratory Acidosis.- 7. Effects of Acidosis.- 8. Ammonia and Urea.- 9. Lactic Acidosis.- 10. Miscellaneous or Global Studies of Acidification.- 11. Clinical Acid-Base Physiology.- 11.1. Tubular Defects.- 11.2. Acid-Base Disorders in Patients with Normal Renal Function.- 11.3. Acid-Base Studies in Patients with Renal Impairment.- References.- 5:Mineral Metabolism.- 1. Inorganic Phosphate.- 1.1. Renal Handling of Phosphate.- 1.2. Clinical Disorders of Renal Phosphate Transport.- 1.3. Role of Phosphorus and 1,25-Dihydroxy D in the Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Renal Failure.- 1.4. Hypophosphatemia.- 1.5. Hyperphosphatemia.- 2. Calcium.- 2.1. Renal Handling of Calcium.- 2.2. Hypercalciuria.- 2.3. Hypocalciuria.- 2.4. Hypercalcemia.- 2.5. Hypocalcemia.- 3. Vitamin D.- 3.1. Vitamin D Metabolism.- 3.2. Regulation of Renal l,25(OH)2D Production.- 3.3. Production and Action of 24,25(OH)2D.- 3.4. Extrarenal Production of l,25(OH)2D.- 3.5. Actions of l,25(OH)2D.- 3.6. l,25(OH)2D, Calcium Metabolism, and the Kidney.- 4. Magnesium.- References.- 6:Sodium, Calcium, and Neurogenic Factors
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