Testing is integral part of instruction and is used to fulfill many functions in a learning situation. When tests are used for functions such as placement or selection, it is inevitable to ensure their content validity so that mastery of important learning outcomes is associated with the scores on which such decision are based. When different tests drawn up by different teams are used for certification of recognised as is the case with national examinations it is important to establish equivalence of such tests in both content covered and skills measured. In this book techniques for determining content validity of independently constructed tests based on the same curriculum have been provided. It is expected that the work will be useful to students of testing, measurement and research; professionals working for examining agencies; and policy makers dealing with high-stakes examinations. Apart from this, the book targets experienced psychometrians who are who want to further theirknowledge in content validation procedures outside the normal item-content relevance approaces.