I am pleased to present this book at a time when widespread global concern to preserve the environment in all areas of humanity's life is taking place. I have written this book on the chemistry and technology of naturally colored cotton and uncolored cotton as one of the types of natural cellulose fibers. Moreover, to support and urge the researchers and scientists, working in the field of cotton production and technology, to produce eco-friendly cotton products to contribute towards sustainable development of societies. For more than 150 years, during which many applied research and developments have been conducted on cotton and cellulose fibers which must be recognized and will be mentioned in this book. Also, there are many questions about cotton, its chemical composition, and color such as: What is the importance of its cultivation? What is the importance of knowing the chemical composition of its fibers? What is the relationship of its chemical composition to the processes of initial preparations and final processing?....etc. Therefore, in this book, we will try to answer most of these questions regarding Egyptian and foreign cotton from a broad perspective and different aspects