This work is the result of intense research linked to the "Criminal Clinic" Extension Project, which is being carried out regularly at the Department of Private and Procedural Law of the State University of Maringá, in Paraná, Brazil, whose aim is to present the results of research into relevant issues linked to criminal law and criminal procedure. It therefore deals with the theoretical and critical construction of themes related to the protection of vulnerabilities, with the aim of identifying social problems that especially afflict the Western world and, based on their identification, presenting mechanisms that can solve the problems presented, under the guise of the hypothetical-deductive method. We hope that reading these themes can contribute to the reconstruction of human dignity and justice.