Criminal Justice

Herausgeber: Naughton, Joanne

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

The Annual Editions series is designed to provide convenient, inexpensive access to a wide range of current articles from some of the most respected magazines, newspapers, and journals published today. Annual Editions are updated on a regular basis through a continuous monitoring of over 300 periodical sources. The articles selected are authored by prominent scholars, researchers, and commentators writing for a general audience. Annual Editions volumes have a number of organizational features designed to make them especially valuable for classroom use: a general introduction; an annotated table of contents; a topic guide; an annotated listing of supporting World Wide Web sites; Learning Outcomes and a brief overview at the beginning of each unit; and a Critical Thinking section at the end of each article. Each volume also offers an online Instructor's Resource Guide with testing materials. Using Annual Editions in the Classroom is a general guide that provides a number of interesting and functional ideas for using Annual Editions readers in the classroom. Visit www.mhhe.com/annualeditions for more details.

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Produktdetails

• Annual Editions: Criminal Just
• Verlag: Dushkin Publishing
• 2013/14
• Seitenzahl: 180
• Erscheinungstermin: 31. Januar 2013
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 272mm x 208mm x 13mm
• Gewicht: 408g
• ISBN-13: 9780078136092
• ISBN-10: 0078136091
• Artikelnr.: 36966001

Inhaltsangabe

Annual Editions: Criminal Justice 13/14, Thirty Seventh Edition
Preface
Series
Correlation Guide
Topic Guide
Internet References
UNIT 1: Crime and Justice in America
Unit Overview
1. What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?,
Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Bureau of Justice
Statistics, January 1998
This report reveals that the response to crime is a complex process,
involving citizens as well as many agencies, levels, and branches of
govern-ment.
2. The Never-Ending Drug War: Obstacles to Drug War Policy Termination,
Renee Scherlen, PS, January 2012
Why does the war on drugs continue after 40 years? This article
combines theories of policy termination and prospect theory to explain
the drug war's persistence. After reviewing the case for termination,
the article turns to policy termination theory. As previous case
studies have demonstrated, rationality and economic reasoning alone
fail to persuade politicians to end existing policies.
3. Prison Rips up Families, Tears Apart Entire Communities, John
Simerman, The Times-Picayune, May 18, 2012
The number of children who are growing up with one or both parents
behind bars has multiplied nationwide along with the incarceration
rate. According to one estimate, the total has increased sevenfold in
the past two decades. More than 1.7 million children in the United
States now have at least one parent in state or federal prison.
4. If Convicted Felons Could Vote. . . , Eliza Shapiro, The Daily
Beast, July 12, 2012
According to some, laws that keep felons and others away from the polls
have their roots in Jim Crow laws, and were passed along with relics
like literacy tests and poll taxes. Former felons who have struggled to
regain their voting privileges said the process is exhausting and
demoralizing; and statistics show that felon disenfranchisement
dis-proportionately affects African-Americans.
5. After 9/11, A New Era in the Business of Detaining Immigrants, Chris
Kirkham, Huffington Post, September 9, 2011
Companies such as Corrections Corporation of America and the GEO Group
Inc., which are publicly traded on Wall Street, have come to rely on
immigration detention contracts with the federal government as a
growing source of revenues over the past decade. Critics have argued
that the government's hard-line approach toward immigration
en-forcement, coupled with the profit motive for private prison
operators, has turned a civil detention program into something that
looks exactly like a prison system for crimi-nals.
6. No Cause for Marijuana Case, but Enough for Child Neglect, Mosi
Secret, The New York Times, August 17, 2011
Hundreds of New Yorkers who have been caught with small amounts of
marijuana, or who have simply admitted to using it, have become
en-snared in civil child neglect cases in recent years, though they did
not face even the least of criminal charges. A small number of parents
in these cases have even lost custody of their children.
7. Band's Culture of Hazing Flourished at Florida A&M, David Breen, The
Washington Post, May 27, 2012
The culture of hazing is so embedded in the fabric of the Florida A&M
Marching 100 that the band adopted a language known not just by current
and former band members, but even kids in high school aspiring to join
the famous ensemble.
UNIT 2: Victimology
Unit Overview
8. Telling the Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics, Joel Best,
Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001
We should not ignore all statistics or assume that every number is
false. Some statistics are bad, but others are useful. Joel Best thinks
that we need good statistics to talk sensibly about social problems.
9. When a Hazing Goes Very Wrong, Michael Winerip, The New York Times,
April 12, 2012
Long before the death of a student as a result of hazing, there were
many troubling signs at Cornell. Though hazing has been illegal at the
university since 1980 and in New York State since 1983, 60 percent of
the university's fraternities and sororities were found responsible for
hazing activities over the last decade.
10. The Face of Domestic Violence, Amanda White, as told to Sarah
Elizabeth Richards, Ladies' Home Journal, March 2010
This is a first-person account of a young woman, a victim of domestic
violence, who stayed with a husband who beat her over and over again.
She explains what she went through and why she believed it would all
get better.
11. Sexual Violence and the Military, Editorial, The New York Times,
March 8, 2012
A recent Pentagon report on sexual assaults at the service academies
found that the rate of sexual assaults on American women serving in the
military is intolerably high: between 23 percent and 33 percent of
uniformed women had been assaulted, despite repeated vows of zero
toler-ance.
12. Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions
about Touching?, Debra Ann Poole, Maggie Bruck, and Margaret-Ellen
Pipe, Current Directions in Psychological Science, February 2011, vol.
20
In child sex abuse cases, studies show a lack of evidence that dolls
and diagrams produce increases in accurate details of touching compared
to verbal questions alone, but there are numerous barriers to policy
change in the field of forensic interviewing.
13. Human Sex Trafficking, Amanda Walker-Rodriguez, JD and Rodney Hill,
JD, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, March 2011
The United States not only faces an influx of international victims but
also has its own homegrown problem of interstate sex trafficking of
minors. Among the children and teens living on the streets in the
United States, involvement in commercial sex activity is a problem of
epidemic proportion.
14. Could the Penn State Abuse Scandal Happen Somewhere Else?
Definitely, Patrick Hruby, The Atlantic, July 16, 2012
A filmmaker discusses his documentary about sexual abuse in sports. He
believes that in situations such as that at Penn State, victims are the
last priority. In many cases-particularly at schools whose pristine
reputations are paramount-rather than making a successful coach go
away, they have made an accuser or the accusations go away.
UNIT 3:The Police
Unit Overview
15. The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008, David H. Bayley
and Christine Nixon, New Perspectives in Policing, NIJ, September 2010
What are the differences in the environment for policing between now
and 1985-1991? Are the problems similar or different from one period to
the next? Police today are considered to be performing well, but this
assessment may be mistaken because the institutions that provide public
safety are changing in profound ways that are not being recog-nized.
16. When the Police Go Military, Al Baker, The New York Times, December
3, 2011
Police forces undeniably share a soldier's ethos, no matter the size of
the city: officers carry deadly weapons and wear uniforms with patches
denoting rank, etc. American law and tradition have tried to draw a
clear line between police and military forces, yet images from Occupy
protests show just how readily police officers can adopt military-style
tactics and equipment, and come off more like soldiers as they face
down citi-zens.
17. Beware of the Dogs, Burkhard Bilger, The New Yorker, February 27,
2012
Since the attacks on September 11th, New York's subways and train
stations, parks and tourist destinations have been prowled by police
dogs-large, pointy-eared, unnervingly observant beasts deeply
unconvinced of our innocence. They sniff at backpacks and train their
eyes on passersby, daring us to make a move. It's a little unsettling
but also, under the circumstances, reassuring. There are worse things
to fear than getting bit-ten.
18. Forensic Techniques Are Subject to Human Bias, Lack Standards,
Panel Found, Spencer S. Hsu, The Washington Post, April 17, 2012
Far from fallible, expert comparisons of hair, handwriting, marks made
by firearms on bullets and patterns such as bite marks and shoe and
tire prints are in some ways unscientific and subject to human bias.
Other forensic techniques, such as in bullet-lead analysis and arson
investigation, survived for decades despite poorly regulated prac-tices
and a lack of scientific method.
19. Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct, Brian D. Fitch,
PhD, The Police Chief, January 2011
Law enforcement agencies go to great lengths to recruit, hire, and
train only the most qualified applicants, and most officers support the
agency, its values, and its mission, performing their duties ethically
while avoiding any misconduct or abuse of authority. Yet, despite the
best efforts of organizations everywhere, it seems that one does not
have to look very far to find examples of police misconduct.
20. The Art of the Police Report, Ellen Collett, Utne Reader,
March/April 2011
The purpose of a police report is to be cited in court as proof of who
did what to whom. Its ultimate agenda is justice and because the stakes
can be high it's written with special care. Above all, it aims to be
truthful. At the same time, to do its job, it needs to be convincing;
the story it tells should be able to persuade the people in a jury box.
21. As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with
Lives at Stake, Henri E. Cauvin, Washingtonpost.com, April 19, 1:12 pm
A police officer who responded to a man threatening to jump off an old
railroad bridge, ended up on the front line of the American public
mental health system, like officers across the country, doing a job she
didn't sign up for, trying to fill holes she didn't create. Financially
strapped state and local governments are putting pressures on police as
more people with mental health problems are cut off from treatment.
UNIT 4: The Judicial System
Unit Overview
22. The Prosecution's Case Against DNA, Andrew Martin, The New York
Times, November 25, 2011
The issues raised by DNA exonerations have led to an overhaul of the
criminal justice system. However, the fate of an inmate with powerful
new evi-dence of innocence still rests with local prosecutors, some of
whom have spun creative theories to explain away the exculpatory
findings. Legal scholars suggest that prosecutors' concerns about their
political future and a culture that values winning over justice also
come into play.
23. ìI Did Itî: Why Do People Confess to Crimes They Didn't Commit?,
Robert Kolker, New York Magazine, 10/15/2010
In the criminal justice system, nothing is more powerful than a
confession; no other form of evidence is as convincing to a jury. We
count on the integrity of the police and safeguards like Miranda rights
to prevent abuses, and we take it on faith that innocent people would
never confess to crimes they haven't committed. But they do.
24. The Certainty of Memory Has Its Day in Court, Laura Beil, The New
York Times, November 28, 2011
Scientists have long cautioned that the brain is not a filing cabinet,
storing memories in a way that they can be pulled out, consulted and
returned intact. Memory is not so much a record of the past as a rough
sketch that can be modified even by the simple act of telling the
story. Witness testimony should be viewed more like trace evidence,
with the same fragility and vulnerability to contamina-tion.
25. Eyewitness Identifications: One More Lesson on the Costs of
Excluding Relevant Evidence, Larry Laudan, APS, May 2012
The quest for evidence that infallibly indicates guilt (or in-nocence)
is a snark hunt. It is provable in principle that there is no rule of
evidence or procedure that will not occasionally lead to a false
conviction (or a false acquittal). The fact that relevant evidence
leads to fallible inferences is no argument for the former's
exclu-sion.
26. DOJ Review of Flawed FBI Forensics Processes Lacked Transparency,
Spencer S. Hsu, Jennifer Jenkins, and Ted Mellnik, The Washington Post,
April 17, 2012
With the FBI under fire for its handling of the 1993 World Trade Center
attack, the Oklahoma City bombing, and the O.J. Simpson murder case, a
task force was launched to dig through thousands of cases involving
discredited agents to ensure that no defendant's right to a fair trial
was jeopardized. The task force took nine years to complete its work
and never publicly released its findings.
27. Convicted Defendants Left Uninformed of Forensic Flaws Found by
Justice Dept., Spencer S. Hsu, The Washington Post, April 16, 2012
By excluding defense lawyers from the process of reviewing cases of
sloppy work by examiners at the FBI lab, and leaving it to prosecutors
to decide case by case what to disclose, authorities waded into a legal
and ethical morass that left some prisoners locked away for years
longer than necessary. By adopting a secret process that limited
accountability, the task force left the scope and nature of scientific
problems unreport-ed.
28. Neuroscience in the Courtroom, Michael S. Gazzaniga, Scientific
American, April 2011
Brain scans and other types of neurological evidence are rarely a
factor in trials today. Someday, however, they could transform judicial
views of personal credibility and responsibility. The greatest
influence of brain science on the law may eventually come from deeper
understanding of the neurological causes of antisocial, illegal
behaviors.
29. Wrongful Convictions: How Many Innocent Americans Are behind Bars?,
Radley Balko, Reason, July 2011
Since 1989, DNA testing has freed 268 people who were convicted of
crimes they did not commit. Seventeen had been sentenced to death. The
average exonerate served 13 years in prison before he or she was freed
and only about half of the people exonerated by DNA have been
compensated at all.
UNIT 5: Juvenile Justice
Unit Overview
30. Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships, Ernest N. Jouriles,
Cora Platt, and Renee McDonald, The Prevention Researcher, February
2009
The teenage years mark a time in which romantic relationships begin to
emerge and these relationships can serve a number of positive
functions. However, for many juveniles, there is a darker side: dating
violence.
31. Misbehavior, Donna St. George, The Washington Post, August 21, 2011
Federal officials want to limit punishments that push students from the
classroom to the courtroom. A landmark study shows that 6 in 10
students in Texas were suspended or expelled at least once from seventh
grade on. After their first suspension, they were nearly three times
more likely to be involved in the juvenile justice system the next
year, compared with students with no such disciplinary refer-rals.
32. Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court, Emily Bazelon
When there are signs of mistreatment in child death cases-cuts,
bruises, burns, fractures-there's not much dispute that the children
were abused; but the only medical evidence of shaken-baby syn-drome are
internal symptoms. Some doctors are taking issue with the diagnosis of
the syndrome, raising the possibility that innocent people have been
sent to jail.
33. Juvenile Recidivism-Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a
Difference?, Colette S. Peters and Shannon Myrick, Corrections Today,
February/March 2011
Recidivism reveals whether juvenile offenders who leave custody go on
to lead crime-free lives, but not whether they lead productive
crime-free lives. Recidivism does not measure whether these young
adults demonstrate successful pro-social be-havior and contribute in a
positive way to their communities.
34. Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun, Trey Bundy, The New
York Times, January 22, 2011
A former Fresno gang member spent two years inside California's
juvenile prison system and he said that, instead of rehabilitating
young offenders, correctional officers spent most of their time
separating rival gangs. In recent years, some local judges often
refused to send young offenders to state institutions, preferring to
confine them in county facilities regarded as safer and more effective.
35. At D.C. Superior Court Program, a Focus on Helping Minors with
Mental Health Problems, Justin Moyer, The Washington Post, March 18,
2012
D.C.'s juvenile mental health diversion court, one of about a dozen
similar courts around the country, is part of a broader movement toward
ìproblem-solvingî courts that try to tackle social problems such as
drug use and prostitution without incarcerating offenders. When mental
health courts work-and some experts say the results are mixed-they
reduce the number of offenders behind bars while linking people to
services that can help them avoid being arrested again.
36. No Remorse, Rachel Aviv, The New Yorker, January 2, 2012
In Michigan, as in many states, prosecutors can try defend-ants older
than age 14 in adult court without a hearing, a statement of reasons,
or an investigation into the child's background. The decision
cannot be reviewed or appealed. This allows prosecutors to bypass the
juvenile justice system, which was built upon the premise that youths
are still malleable, in need of the state's protection, and uniquely
capable of rehabilitation.
37. Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Patrick
Clark, National Institute of Justice Journal, April 2010
One form of psychotherapy stands out in the criminal justice system.
Cogni-tive behavioral therapy reduces recidivism in both juveniles and
adults; it has been found to be effective with substance abusing and
violent offenders; and probationers, prisoners, and parolees.
Therapeutic approaches based on counseling, skill building, and
multiple services had the greatest impact in re-ducing further criminal
behavior.
38. Opinion Recap: Narrow Ruling on Young Murderers' Sentences, Lyle
Denniston, SCOTUS blog, June 25, 2012
In a series of decisions the Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that
children under age 18 who commit crimes must not necessarily get as
severe a punishment as adults who committed the same kind of crimes.
The Court has forbidden the death penalty for minors and it has barred
a sentence of life in prison without a chance of release for minors who
commit crimes in which the victim is not killed. In this new ruling the
Court did not completely rule out a sentence of life without parole for
a minor who commits murder.
UNIT 6: Punishment and Corrections
Unit Overview
39. Bring Back the Lash: Why Flogging Is More Humane than Prison, Peter
Moskos, Washington Monthly, May/June 2011
Is flogging too cruel to contemplate? If so, given the hypothetical
choice between prison and flogging, why would you choose flogging?
Perhaps it's not as crazy as you thought. As ugly as it may seem,
corporal punishment would be an effective and comparatively humane way
to bring our prison population back in line with world standards.
40. Drug Reforms Cut Prison Rolls: Fewer Inmates Are Black, Female;
More Had Violent Crimes, Mary Beth Pfeiffer, Poughkeepsie Journal,
October 16, 2011
Nearly 40 years after tough new drug laws led to an explo-sion in
prison rolls, New York State has dramatically reversed course, chalking
up a 62 percent drop in people serving time for drug crimes today
compared with the year 2000. The steep decline-driven by shifting
attitudes toward drug offenders and lower-level crime-means that nearly
16,000 fewer minorities serve state time today.
41. Gaming the System: How the Political Strategies of Private Prison
Companies Promote Ineffective Incarceration Policies, Justice Policy
Institute, October 2011
As revenues of private prison companies have grown over the past
decade, they have had more resources with which to build political
power, and they have used this power to promote policies that lead to
higher rates of incarceration. By making direct, monetary contribution
to political campaigns for elected officials, private prison companies
can attempt to shape the debate around the privatization of prisons and
criminal justice policy.
42. Prison Re-entry Programs Help Inmates Leave the Criminal Mindset
Behind, but Few Have Access to the Classes, Cindy Chang, The
Times-Picayune, May 19, 2012
In Louisiana more than half the prison inmates serve out their time in
the custody of a sheriff, often so the sheriff can make a profit. These
are the very people who will soon be back on the streets. And, while
all inmates leaving state prisons receive some version of a 10-week
re-entry program and state inmates can learn trades, most inmates in
local prisons are not even getting the basic re-entry curriculum, let
alone new skills that could help them land a decent job.
43. Prisoners of Parole, Jeffrey Rosen, The New York Times, January 10,
2010
In many states, the majority of prison admissions come not from arrests
for new crimes, but from probation and parole vi-olations. A judge in
Hawaii decided to try something new with convicted offenders with drug
problems who had been sentenced to probation. The HOPE program, if
widely adopted as a model for probation and parole reform, could make a
surprisingly large contribution to reducing the prison population.
44. Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections,
Kelli D. Stevens, Corrections Today, vol. 72, no. 5, October 2010
The number of women under correctional supervision has increased
significantly during the past several decades, but the policies
addressing the criminality of women and how they are treated in the
criminal justice system have not kept pace. And, while community
corrections organizations are actively addressing the needs of female
offenders, they are still struggling to meet the needs of female
professionals working in the field.
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