Procedures for extracting or refining sensitive substances using dense gases have been developed for numerous purposes. Dense carbon dioxide is already being used industrially for decaffeination of coffee and extraction of hops. Further possible applications have been tested on the laboratory or pilot plant scales and shown to be mostly economical. Uses as varied as the non-aggressive extraction of spice, extraction of polymers, refining of spent oil, pyrolysis/extraction of wood and liquefaction of coal show the extremely wide range of application. The book comprehensively reviews the present…mehr
Procedures for extracting or refining sensitive substances using dense gases have been developed for numerous purposes. Dense carbon dioxide is already being used industrially for decaffeination of coffee and extraction of hops. Further possible applications have been tested on the laboratory or pilot plant scales and shown to be mostly economical. Uses as varied as the non-aggressive extraction of spice, extraction of polymers, refining of spent oil, pyrolysis/extraction of wood and liquefaction of coal show the extremely wide range of application. The book comprehensively reviews the present state of development and features examples of application of this new technique.
I. General Picture of Separation Procedures.- I.1 Principles of Substance Separation.- I.2 Conventional Methods of Extraction.- II. Basic Principles of Extraction with Dense Gases.- II.1 Historical Review.- II.2 Definition of Terms.- II.3 Special Features of Dense Gases.- II.4 Thermodynamic Fundamentals.- II.4.a Description of the Solvent Circulation.- II.4.b Considerations of Phase Equilibria.- II.4.c Calculations of Phase Equilibria.- III. Methods, Apparatus and Plants.- III.1 Procedures for Determining Phase Equilibria.- III.1.a The Synthetic Method.- III.1.b The Analytical Method.- III.1.c The Dynamic Method.- III.2 Extraction of Solids.- III.2.a Microextraction.- III.2.b High Pressure Soxhlet Extraction.- III.2.c Preparative Extraction.- III.3 Extraction Using Entrainers.- III.4 Continuous Extraction of Liquids.- III.4.a Fundamentals.- III.4.b Stepwise Separation.- III.4.c Counter-current Extraction.- III.4.d High Pressure Jet Extraction.- IV. Applications of Dense Gases to Extraction and Refining.- IV.1 General Survey.- IV.2 Fatty Oils and Waxes.- IV.2.a Solubility Behaviour.- IV.2.b Extraction of Oil Seeds.- IV.2.c Extraction of Waxes.- IV.2.d Influence on the Seed Proteins.- IV.2.e Fractionation of Fatty Oils and Waxes.- IV.2.f Removal of Oil from Crude Lecithin.- IV.3 Essential Oils and Flavours.- IV.3.a Solubility Behaviour.- IV.3.b Deterpenation.- IV.3.c Extraction of Pharmaceutically Active Components.- IV.3.d Extraction of Spices.- IV.3.e Extraction of Fragrances.- IV.3.f Prior Separation of Vegetable Waxes.- IV.4 Further Isoprenoids.- IV.4.a Extraction of Hops.- IV.4.b Steroids.- IV.4.c Carotinoids.- IV.5 Alkaloids.- IV.5.a Extraction of Alkaloids Used in Medicine.- IV.5.b Decaffeination of Coffee and Tea.- IV.5.c Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco.- IV.6Oils of Law Volatility and Polymers.- IV.7 Extraction of Petroleum Products.- IV.7.a Deasphaltation of Heavy Oils.- IV.7.b Particle Separation from Viscous Oils.- IV.7.c Extraction of Oil-Containing Minerals and Residues.- IV.7.d Analytical Investigations.- IV.8 Extraction of Wood, Peat and Lignite.- IV.9 Extraction of Coal.- IV.10 Miscellaneous.- IV.10.a Extraction of Aqueous Solutions.- IV.10.b Adsorbents.- IV.10.c Decontamination of Drugs.- V. Non-Extractive Applications.- V.1 Pest Control.- V.2 Sterilisation.- V.3 Inflation, Disruption and Comminution.- V.4 High Pressure Micronising.- V.5 Fluid Chromatography.
I. General Picture of Separation Procedures.- I.1 Principles of Substance Separation.- I.2 Conventional Methods of Extraction.- II. Basic Principles of Extraction with Dense Gases.- II.1 Historical Review.- II.2 Definition of Terms.- II.3 Special Features of Dense Gases.- II.4 Thermodynamic Fundamentals.- II.4.a Description of the Solvent Circulation.- II.4.b Considerations of Phase Equilibria.- II.4.c Calculations of Phase Equilibria.- III. Methods, Apparatus and Plants.- III.1 Procedures for Determining Phase Equilibria.- III.1.a The Synthetic Method.- III.1.b The Analytical Method.- III.1.c The Dynamic Method.- III.2 Extraction of Solids.- III.2.a Microextraction.- III.2.b High Pressure Soxhlet Extraction.- III.2.c Preparative Extraction.- III.3 Extraction Using Entrainers.- III.4 Continuous Extraction of Liquids.- III.4.a Fundamentals.- III.4.b Stepwise Separation.- III.4.c Counter-current Extraction.- III.4.d High Pressure Jet Extraction.- IV. Applications of Dense Gases to Extraction and Refining.- IV.1 General Survey.- IV.2 Fatty Oils and Waxes.- IV.2.a Solubility Behaviour.- IV.2.b Extraction of Oil Seeds.- IV.2.c Extraction of Waxes.- IV.2.d Influence on the Seed Proteins.- IV.2.e Fractionation of Fatty Oils and Waxes.- IV.2.f Removal of Oil from Crude Lecithin.- IV.3 Essential Oils and Flavours.- IV.3.a Solubility Behaviour.- IV.3.b Deterpenation.- IV.3.c Extraction of Pharmaceutically Active Components.- IV.3.d Extraction of Spices.- IV.3.e Extraction of Fragrances.- IV.3.f Prior Separation of Vegetable Waxes.- IV.4 Further Isoprenoids.- IV.4.a Extraction of Hops.- IV.4.b Steroids.- IV.4.c Carotinoids.- IV.5 Alkaloids.- IV.5.a Extraction of Alkaloids Used in Medicine.- IV.5.b Decaffeination of Coffee and Tea.- IV.5.c Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco.- IV.6Oils of Law Volatility and Polymers.- IV.7 Extraction of Petroleum Products.- IV.7.a Deasphaltation of Heavy Oils.- IV.7.b Particle Separation from Viscous Oils.- IV.7.c Extraction of Oil-Containing Minerals and Residues.- IV.7.d Analytical Investigations.- IV.8 Extraction of Wood, Peat and Lignite.- IV.9 Extraction of Coal.- IV.10 Miscellaneous.- IV.10.a Extraction of Aqueous Solutions.- IV.10.b Adsorbents.- IV.10.c Decontamination of Drugs.- V. Non-Extractive Applications.- V.1 Pest Control.- V.2 Sterilisation.- V.3 Inflation, Disruption and Comminution.- V.4 High Pressure Micronising.- V.5 Fluid Chromatography.
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