Developing World

Herausgeber: Griffiths, Robert J.

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

The Annual Editions series is designed to provide convenient, inexpensive access to a wide range of current articles from some of the most respected magazines, newspapers, and journals published today. Annual Editions are updated on a regular basis through a continuous monitoring of over 300 periodical sources. The articles selected are authored by prominent scholars, researchers, and commentators writing for a general audience. The Annual Editions volumes have a number of common organizational features designed to make them particularly useful in the classroom: a general introduction; an annotated table of contents; a topic guide; an annotated listing of selected World Wide Web sites; and a brief overview for each section. Each volume also offers an online Instructor's Resource Guide with testing materials. Using Annual Editions in the Classroom is a general guide that provides a number of interesting and functional ideas for using Annual Editions readers in the classroom. Visit www.mhhe.com/annualeditions for more details.

---

Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.

Produktdetails

• Annual Editions: Developing Wo
• Verlag: Dushkin Publishing
• 2012/13
• Seitenzahl: 227
• Erscheinungstermin: September 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 272mm x 208mm x 13mm
• Gewicht: 454g
• ISBN-13: 9780078051005
• ISBN-10: 0078051002
• Artikelnr.: 33252056

Inhaltsangabe

Annual Edition: Developing World 12/13, Twenty-Second Edition
Preface
Series
Correlation Guide
Topic Guide
Internet References
Unit 1: Understanding the Developing World
Unit Overview
1. The New Face of Development, Carol Lancaster, Current History,
January 2008
The nature and emphasis of development has shifted as some progress on
reducing poverty has been achieved. While poverty continues to be a
challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, development has
increasingly come to be identified with human development, civil and
political rights, security, and sustainability. Government to
government aid programs are increasing through the efforts of civil
society organizations, philanthropists, and multinational corporations.
Technology has also helped shift development emphases.
2. How Development Leads to Democracy: What We Know about
Modernization, Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Foreign Affairs,
March/April 2009
A reinterpretation of modernization theory in a way that emphasizes the
cultural changes that accompany this process helps to explain how
pressures for democracy push societies toward greater openness and
political participation. A key component is the connection between
economic development and changes in society, culture, and politics that
promotes tolerance, encourages self-expression, and fosters political
participation.
3. The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the
World, Jack A. Goldstone, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2010
Declining fertility rates will stabilize world population in the middle
of the twenty-first century. Shifting demographics will bring about
significant changes in both rich and poor countries, however. The
industrial countries will account for less of the world's population,
their economic influence will diminish, and they will need more migrant
workers. Meanwhile, most of the world's population growth will take
place in the developing world, especially the poorest countries. Those
populations will also be increasingly urban.
4. Best. Decade. Ever. Charles Kenny, Foreign Policy, September/October
2010
Despite being bracketed by the September 11th attacks and the global
financial crisis, the first decade of the 21st century brought
significant gains for the developing world. From economic growth and a
reduction in the number of people living in poverty, to progress on
infectious diseases and fewer conflicts, living conditions improved for
many citizens of the developing world. Serious challenges such as
environmental degradation remain, however.
5. And Justice for All: Enforcing Human Rights for the World's Poor,
Gary Haugen and Victor Boutros, Foreign Policy, May/June 2010
There has been significant progress on human rights law since the end
of WWII. Although the body of human rights law has expanded, poor
people often find that the laws are not enforced and their access to
legal protection and representation is very limited. This absence of
the rule of law also undermines development efforts.
6. The Case against the West: America and Europe in the Asian Century,
Kishore Mahbubani, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2008
Kishore Mahbubani argues that the West is declining and is unable to
recognize that a new era is underway. This failure to recognize its
diminishing influence is evident in the West's approach to
intervention, nuclear non-proliferation, international trade,
international law and organization, and the environment. The West's
positions on these issues represent an effort to preserve the status
quo rather than usher in a more just and stable world order.
Unit 2: Political Economy and the Developing World
Unit Overview
7. The Post-Washington Consensus: Development after the Crisis, Nancy
Birdsall and Francis Fukuyama, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2011
The Washington Consensus, which has guided international economic
policy for decades, faces challenges as a result of the 2008-2009
global financial crisis. In the future, developing countries are much
less likely to adhere to the capitalist model championed by the United
States and its western allies. Instead, they will be more wary of free
flowing capital, more inclined to prevent disruption through social
spending, supportive of industrial policy, and less willing to defer to
the West's alleged expertise.
8. The Poor Man's Burden, William Easterly, Foreign Policy,
January/February 2009
The recent world financial crisis may result in greater government
intervention in the economy, especially in poor countries. William
Easterly argues that a return to policies reminiscent of the early
years of development economics would have an adverse effect on the
prospects for prosperity among the poor. The response to the financial
crisis should be to avoid protectionism, resist extensive regulation,
and be wary of top-down development strategies.
9. A Tiger Despite the Chains: The State of Reform in India, Rahul
Mukherji, Current History, April 2010
India has enjoyed significant annual economic growth, in excess of 6
percent, particularly since the economic reforms of 1991. Nevertheless,
there are several obstacles to higher growth rates. Powerful actors
such as the unions, wealthy farmers, and politicians as well as
bureaucrats block reforms that would increase growth even further. The
benefits that many have enjoyed have not filtered down to the poorest
despite programs targeted at literacy and job creation.
10. Welcome to Minegolia, Ron Gluckman, Foreign Policy,
January/February 2011
Mongolia's economy is booming thanks to its abundant mineral resources.
The capital, Ulan Bator, boasts huge capital inflows, rising property
values, and the availability of luxury goods. The benefits of Chinese
demand for Mongolia's minerals have yet to expand beyond the capital.
Concerns about rising income inequality and corruption temper optimism
about the country's future.
11. The African Miracle, Norbert Dörr, Susan Lund, and Charles
Roxburgh, Foreign Policy, December 2010
Africa's economic prospects have improved substantially over the past
decade. It is now one of the world's fastest growing regions, with a
collective GDP growth per capita of 4.9 percent between 2000Ð2008.
Natural resources accounted for only 24 percent of that growth with the
rest coming from finance, retail, agriculture, and telecommunications.
The continent is also urbanizing rapidly helping to further fuel
growth.
12. The New Mercantilism: China's Emerging Role in the Americas, Eric
Farnsworth, Current History, February 2011
Although China has historically had little engagement with Latin
America, its links with the region are growing. China's Latin American
imports, especially raw materials and commodities, are booming and
Chinese exports to the region have also been increasing rapidly. While
this trade boost has been beneficial, the long-term implications of the
relationship are less clear.
13. Cotton: The Huge Moral Issue, Kate Eshelby, New African, January
2006
Cotton production in poor countries is threatened by the subsidies paid
to farmers in industrialized countries. Cotton subsidies in the United
States exceed the GDP of Burkina Faso, a poor cotton-producing country.
Because of these subsidies, there is overproduction that in turn
results in lower prices for poor farmers. Although WTO rules prohibit
subsidies that distort trade, rich countries have yet to eliminate
them.
14. Taking the Measure of Global Aid, Jean-Michel Severino and Olivier
Ray, Current History, January 2010
The concept of official development aid is outmoded and should be
replaced by programs that better promote global public goods and
recognize the challenges of globalization. Rethinking development aid
requires recognition of the expanded goals of development, the
existence of a wider range of actors, and a larger number of ways to
both provide assistance and measure its effectiveness.
15. The New Colonialists, Michael A. Cohen, Maria Figueroa Küpçü, and
Parag Khanna, Foreign Policy, July/August 2008
Non-governmental organizations are taking on increasing responsibility
for humanitarian aid and development. As a result, state capacity to
deal with these challenges is being undermined and the safety net that
these organizations provide may allow incompetent governments to avoid
accountability. An increasing amount of aid is being both provided by
and channeled through NGOs. The trend toward greater NGO responsibility
is controversial.
16. A Few Dollars at a Time: How to Tap Consumers for Development,
Philippe Douste-Blazy and Daniel Altman, Foreign Affairs,
January/February 2010
HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis account for one i n eight deaths in
developing countries. Because these diseases reinforce one another, an
effort is under way to fight all three together. The funding for these
efforts comes from innovative financing, which involves small taxes on
airline ticket purchases and voluntary contributions through product
purchases. Innovative financing will provide millions for fighting
disease and help increase economic activity in developing countries.
17. The Fertile Continent: Africa, Agriculture's Final Frontier, Roger
Thurow Foreign Affairs, November/December 2010
Demand for food is growing as population increases. Countries that
increased agricultural production in the past cannot boost growth
without expensive new technology and updated farming techniques.
However, Africa can boost agricultural production by using existing
technology and techniques and by developing more efficient networks for
distribution. If Africa can implement these changes, the continent
could play a significant role in meeting rising demand and ensuring
food security worldwide.
18. The Micromagic of Microcredit, Karol Boudreaux and Tyler Cowen,
Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2008
Since Muhammad Yunis founded the Grameen Bank some three decades ago,
microcredit has become a worldwide phenomenon. Although it has
attracted some criticism, the success of microcredit has been touted as
a major contribution to poverty reduction. Critics claim microfinance
loans have exorbitant interest rates and that they help finance
consumption more than business expansion. Boudreaux and Cowen argue
that despite the criticism, microloans can have a significant impact on
the lives of the poor.
19. Many Borrowers of Microloans Now Find the Price Is Too High, Neil
MacFarquhar, The New York Times, April 14, 2010
The popularity of microfinance has many of its proponents concerned
about the direction in which the practice has headed. Large banks and
financial institutions have come to dominate microloan providers and
interest rates have been driven up. The industry is pushing for more
transparency to make sure that those institutions offering loans to the
poor are not exploiting them.
20 Corruption Reduction: A Foreign Policy Goal and Instrument, Amitai
Etzioni, Harvard International Review, Winter 2011
Fighting corruption is an important goal of counter insurgency in Iraq
and Afghanistan, effective foreign aid, and promoting good governance.
Amitai Etzioni argues that efforts to curb corruption, although worthy,
are unlikely to succeed. Such social engineering faces significant
obstacles and takes time, especially if it is prompted by outside
actors. Success in combating this problem depends on a pragmatic
approach that relies on local culture and institutions.
Unit 3: Conflict and Instability
Unit Overview
21. Where Life Is Cheap and Talk Is Loose, The Economist, March 19,
2011
Failed and failing states are regarded as a threat to international
peace and security. The term can describe a wide variety of state
incapacity from loss of territorial control, to limited ability to
provide services, to the willful promotion of state failure to mask
criminal enterprises. The imprecision of the term makes coherent policy
responses difficult.
22. Afghanistan's Rocky Path to Peace, J. Alexander Thier, Current
History, April 2010
There are indications that an effort is under way to engage the
insurgents in Afghanistan in peace talks. The path to peace is
uncertain, however, and requires not only the cooperation of the
insurgents but also the United States and its allies, Pakistan, India,
Iran, and China. Even then, the effort will have to overcome the
challenges posed by non-state actors like al Qaeda, Pakistani radicals,
and drug traffickers.
23. A Nation on the Brink, Christopher Boucek and David Donadio, The
Atlantic, April 2010
Yemen has become a focal point in the campaign against international
terrorism. Efforts to combat terrorism are complicated by a civil war
in the north, a secessionist movement in the south, rapidly depleting
natural resources, corruption, unemployment, weak government, and
looming economic collapse.
24. The Forever War: Inside India's Maoist Conflict, Megha Bahree,
World Policy Journal, Summer 2010
India's Naxalite rebellion pits rebels against the government and its
powerful economic allies. The rebels claim to represent small
landowners who are being pressured to sell their land to the government
who then make it available to big business interests. Those who resist
selling are harassed and in some cases, killed while many of those who
do sell are forced into camps for the displaced.
25. Sudan on the Cusp, Richard S. Williamson, Current History, May 2011
Following an overwhelming approval of the referendum on independence,
the Republic of South Sudan will become the world's newest country in
July 2011. Despite this successful drive for independence there
continues to be tension over the sharing of oil revenues and
territorial boundaries. In addition, both north and south Sudan face
internal challenges that could spark further conflict in the region.
26. Africa's Forever Wars, Jeffrey Gettleman, Foreign Policy,
March/April 2010
Several of Africa's continuing conflicts are the product of the
emergence of a new type of war. No longer the product of liberation
struggles or ideology, these conflicts are increasingly fought for
plunder, often by child soldiers abducted by militias headed by
warlords who are more concerned with profit than political power.
27. The Struggle for Mexico, David Rieff, The New Republic, April 7,
2011
In November 2008, the U.S. military identified Mexico as a state in
danger of collapse due to widespread criminal activity associated with
the drug trade. The view that Mexico is a failing state has been
reinforced by the violence particularly around Juarez. Some see
parallels with Colombia in the 1980s and 1990s but there are
significant differences between the two cases. Mexico's successes in
other areas have been overshadowed by its crime problem.
28. Central America's Security Predicament, Michael Shifter, Current
History, February, 2011
Disappearing from the radar screen after the end of political violence
in the 1980s, Central America is again facing serious security
challenges. Despite some social, economic, and political progress, the
region now faces fallout from the 2008 economic crisis, an alarming
increase in crime associated with drug trafficking, weak political
institutions, and flagging support for democracy.
29. Global Aging and the Crisis of the 2020s, Neil Howe and Richard
Jackson, Current History, January 2011
Demographic trends are likely to produce greater disruption in the
future. The industrialized world, with the exception of the United
States, will have an aging and declining population in coming decades
while the developing world's population will be passing through
demographic transition. These trends will have a profound impact on
economic growth and productivity as well as security and stability.
Unit 4: Political Change in the Developing World
Unit Overview
30. Crying for Freedom, The Economist, January 16, 2010
Freedom House's annual assessment of democracy and human rights found
that these qualities declined worldwide for the fourth consecutive
year. Perhaps most troubling about this decline is the intellectual
challenge to liberalism. China's rapid economic growth has created more
interest in an authoritarian path to prosperity while the West's
willingness to promote democracy has waned, as has the willingness of
other countries to listen to that message.
31. Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in
Middle Eastern Autocracies, Jack A. Goldstone, Foreign Affairs,
May/June 2011
The political turmoil in the Middle East highlights the factors that
increase the chances for revolution to occur. These include an unjust
or inept regime, an alienated elite, broad-based opposition to the
regime, and international support for change. The transition to
democracy in the aftermath of this upheaval is not guaranteed and even
if it does occur, changes are unlikely to be quick.
32. Good Soldier, Bad Cop, The Africa Report, April 2011
The political turmoil in Tunisia and Egypt highlighted the important
role the military plays in post-colonial regimes. In Tunisia, the
military stood largely on the sidelines while in Egypt the military has
taken charge, ostensibly to pave the way for elections. It remains to
be seen how the armed forces will react in other countries facing
demands for reform.
33. "Moderates" Redefined: How to Deal with Political Islam, Emile
Nakhleh, Current History, December 2009
Islamic political parties have changed their political ideologies over
time, moderated their demands for Sharia, and are more inclined to
participate in electoral and legislative politics. Political pragmatism
has come to characterize the Islamization of politics in several
Muslim-majority countries in the Middle east and beyond. The radical
politics favored by al Qaeda and its supporters are on the wane but
extremism will continue to be a problem.
34. The Islamists Are Not Coming, Charles Kurzman and Ijlal Naqvi,
Foreign Policy, January/February 2010
While some Islamist parties have done well in a few elections, a study
of voting patterns indicates that Islamist parties have not fared well
in elections over the last forty years. Additionally, evidence suggests
that the more open and free the elections, the worse Islamic parties
do. Participation in the electoral process also helps moderate Islamic
parties' platforms.
35. The Transformation of Hamas, Fawaz A. Gerges, The Nation, January
25, 2010
Although regarded by the West as a radical Islamic organization, Hamas
may be evolving into a more willing negotiating partner. While it has
already indicated some flexibility, it is unlikely to give further
ground without an end to sanctions and the Israeli hard line on Gaza.
As the most powerful organization in the Occupied Territories and
deriving its legitimacy from strong popular support, the West should
look for opportunities to engage.
36. In Sri Lanka, the Triumph of Vulgar Patriotism, Nira
Wickramasinghe, Current History, April 2010
Sri Lanka's January 2010 elections resulted in a victory for the
incumbent Mahinda Rajapaksa. Having presided over the defeat of the
Tamil insurgency, the president enjoyed widespread support and after
his victory turned to cracking down on his opposition, including his
rival General Fonseca who led the army in its victory over the Tamil
Tigers. Fonseca has been arrested on charges of conspiring to overthrow
the government. Meanwhile, President Rajapaksa seems intent on
consolidating power and establishing a family dynasty.
37. Indonesia's Moment, Robert Pringle, Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2011
Indonesia has quietly established a functioning democracy despite its
autocratic past and with a huge Muslim majority. Success has come
largely as a result of the devolution of power from the center to the
local level. Although there is a radical presence in society,
Indonesia's diversity and adherence to democracy have minimized the
radicals' influence.
38. Divergent Paths: The Future of One-Party Rule in Singapore, Meng
Chen, Harvard International Review, Winter 2011
Singapore's modernization and rapid increase in wealth have been
attributed to its strict, one-party rule. As the architect of
Singapore's prosperity, former Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ages and
relinquishes his grip on power, it is unclear whether the People's
Action Party will continue its monopoly on power. Singapore's
experience has an influence on the debate about authoritarian rule and
economic growth.
39. Uprising Threat, Chofamba Sithole, News Africa, April 30, 2011
The political upheaval in North Africa and the Middle East is
reverberating across Africa. The announcement of anti-government
protests in Angola brought a government campaign of arrests and
intimidation against activists and journalists. With a large population
of young people, an entrenched leadership, and widespread poverty, and
vast oil wealth Angola could be vulnerable to social unrest.
40. Ivory Coast: Another Asterisk for Africa's Democratization, William
B. Milam and Jennifer G. Jones, Current History, May 2011
The refusal of incumbent Laurent Gbagbo to accept the results of Ivory
Coast's November 2010 elections triggered a crisis. Gbagbo held onto
power despite losing the election until he was ousted by a combination
of French forces and troops loyal to the victor in the elections,
Alassane Ouattara. The conflict over the presidency in Ivory Coast has
sharpened ethnic tensions and highlights the potential national and
regional challenges of successful democratic transition in Africa.
41. A New Global Player: Brazil's Far-Flung Agenda, Julia E. Sweig,
Foreign Affairs, November/ December 2010
Brazil has emerged as an important international actor. Brazil's
unsuccessful efforts to mediate between the West and Iran demonstrate
its ambitious foreign policy. Julia Sweig makes the case for a foreign
policy that is less ambitious and that balances aspirations of global
power with a focus on domestic issues like crime and economic
inequality.
42. Perilous Times for Latin America, Theodore J. Piccone, Current
History, February 2010
Although Latin America is a politically diverse region, there are
indications that democratic gains are under increasing pressure. The
impact of the recent financial crisis is likely to fuel calls for a
strengthened state, raising concerns about how democratic such a state
would be. Corruption and ineffective leadership are also likely to lead
to populist challenges to existing governments while a preference for
short-term over long-term goals may lead to the entrenchment of
autocrats.
43. Human Rights Last, Gary J. Bass, Foreign Policy, March/April 2011
Chinese engagement with some of the world's worst human rights
offenders prompts concerns about growing Chinese influence around the
world. A long-time proponent of non-interference in internal affairs,
China's position has shifted slightly over the years but Beijing
remains reluctant to criticize human rights abuses. Its policy is
driven primarily by economic considerations.
44. Not Ready for Prime Time: Why Including Emerging Powers at the Helm
Would Hurt Global Governance, Jorge G. Casteñada, Foreign Affairs,
September/October 2010
There is growing recognition that emerging countries should have more
influence in international institutions. Jorge Casteñeda argues that
the most likely candidates for more power have weak commitments to
human rights, free trade, non-proliferation, and environmental
preservation. Their participation could undermine efforts aimed at
greater global governance.
Unit 5: Population, Resources, Environment, and Health
Unit Overview
45. Is a Green World a Safer World?: Not Necessarily, David J.
Rothkopf, Foreign Policy, September/October 2009
As the world seeks alternative energy sources, there is a distinct
possibility that a greener world will not necessarily be a more
peaceful one. Trade disputes, resource scarcity, and the dangers of
alternative energy sources threaten to make the shift to more
environmentally sound energy production a security challenge for both
industrialized and developing countries.
46. The Last Straw, Stephan Faris, Foreign Policy, July/August 2009
As dangerous as the current situation is in Pakistan, the potential for
wider conflict in South Asia could increase with climate change.
Competition for water resources that originate in Kashmir may further
ratchet up tensions between India and Pakistan. By some estimates, one
in four countries, including some of the world's most unstable and
volatile, will be at risk for climate change induced conflict. Poor,
unstable countries will be particularly vulnerable to the consequences
of climate change.
47. The World's Water Challenge, Erik R. Peterson and Rachel A. Posner,
Current History, January 2010
A substantial portion of the world's population lacks access to potable
water and adequate sanitation. A recent report forecasts as much as a
40 percent gap between global water demand and reliable supply over the
next 20 years. Despite this, there has been little effort to establish
a value for water that will promote more efficient use of increasingly
scarce water resources. Consumption patterns and climate change are
likely to both sharpen competition and increase the likelihood of
conflict and have a detrimental impact on development prospects.
48. Water Warriors, Maude Barlow, The Nation, April 14, 2008
A serious controversy has developed over the control of vital water
resources. On one side are those who view water as a commodity to be
privatized and marketed. Pitted against these often powerful interests are
grassroots organizations and NGOs who oppose privatization and sale of
water. Across Latin America, and in many other parts of the wo