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Although prototype diesel locomotives ran in Britain before World War II, the railways of both the Republic and Northern Ireland changed over much more rapidly from steam to diesel traction, in the 1950's than those in Britain, due to the island's limited coal reserves and (in the Republic) ageing steam locomotive fleet. The initial diesel locomotives for CIE were built and supplied by British railway locomotive builders (Birmingham RCW with Sulzer engines and AEI Metropolitan Vickers with Crossley engines), with notably poor results from the latter. From the early 1960s, locomotives with more reliable engines from General Motors Electro-Motive Division of the USA, were adopted. In the late 1960s the Crossley engines were replaced by EMD 645 units in a major programme to re-engine the fleet.