ADVANCED TEXTBOOK SERIES Earth's Natural Hazards and Disasters Natural hazards are present in every part of planet Earth. Sometimes a natural event - such as extreme weather, a volcanic eruption, earthquake or disease outbreak - turns into a disaster for humans, the environment, and the economy. Earth's Natural Hazards and Disasters is a textbook for undergraduates that challenges students to think critically about disasters. It explains the science behind natural events and explores how to understand risk and prepare for disasters. About this volume: * Covers hazards in the geosphere,…mehr
ADVANCED TEXTBOOK SERIES Earth's Natural Hazards and Disasters Natural hazards are present in every part of planet Earth. Sometimes a natural event - such as extreme weather, a volcanic eruption, earthquake or disease outbreak - turns into a disaster for humans, the environment, and the economy. Earth's Natural Hazards and Disasters is a textbook for undergraduates that challenges students to think critically about disasters. It explains the science behind natural events and explores how to understand risk and prepare for disasters. About this volume: * Covers hazards in the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere * Explains the science of hazards in accessible terms * Detailed case studies of specific disasters for each type of natural event * Explores data-based risk mitigation strategies * Discusses the roles of scientists, public officials, and the general public in hazard management The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Bethany D. Hinga, University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributors xiii Preface xv Glossary xvii Acknowledgments xlv 1 Introduction to Natural Disasters 1 Bethany D. Hinga 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Earth System 4 1.3 Natural Disasters 7 1.3.1 Types of Disasters 7 1.4 Definitions 8 1.5 Disasters Are Predictable 9 1.6 The Human Factor 13 1.7 Increasing Risk 14 1.8 Calculated Risks 16 1.9 The Role of Government in Vulnerability and Preparing for Disasters 18 1.10 Disasters and Social Change 21 1.11 Community Response 21 1.12 Chapter in Review 25 Part I Geologic Events as Hazards 2 Plate Tectonics 31 Bethany D. Hinga 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Continental Drift 31 2.3 New Data: Magnetism 35 2.4 Seafloor Spreading 38 2.5 Plate Tectonics 38 2.6 Earth Structure 38 2.7 Plate Boundaries 40 2.8 Subduction Zones 45 2.9 Collision Zones 48 2.10 Transform Boundaries 49 2.11 Hotspots 51 2.12 Conclusion 54 2.13 Chapter in Review 54 3 Volcanoes 57 Bethany D. Hinga 3.1 A Lengthy Eruption With an Unexpected End 57 3.2 Magma Generation 64 3.3 Volcano Behavior 70 3.4 Types of Volcanoes 72 3.5 The Case of Mount St. Helens 83 3.6 Hazards of Composite Volcanoes 90 3.7 Mitigation 96 3.8 Chapter in Review 97 4 Earthquakes 101 Bethany D. Hinga 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 What Is an Earthquake? 107 4.3 Seismic Waves 111 4.4 How Do Earthquakes Work? 123 4.5 Earthquake Hazards 129 4.6 Prince William Sound Earthquake 138 4.7 Mitigation Strategies 139 4.8 Conclusion 142 4.9 Chapter in Review 142 5 Tsunamis 145 Bethany D. Hinga 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Unimak Island Earthquake and Tsunami, 1946 145 5.3 Wave Creation 149 5.4 Wave Characteristics 150 5.5 Wave Parameters 152 5.6 Case Studies 153 5.7 Landslide-Generated Tsunami 161 5.8 Mega-Tsunamis 161 5.9 Volcano-Generated Tsunamis 161 5.10 Mitigation of Tsunami Hazards 164 5.11 Conclusion 166 5.12 Chapter in Review 166 6 Earth Movements 169 Bethany D. Hinga 6.1 The Role of Gravity in Shaping the Earth 169 6.2 Venezuela, 1999 169 6.3 Types of Earth Movements 172 6.4 Mass-Wasting Triggers 188 6.5 Mitigation of Hazards 188 6.6 Conclusion 192 6.7 Chapter in Review 193 Part II Weather and Climate as Hazards 7 Atmosphere and Weather 197 Bethany D. Hinga 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 The Earth's Atmosphere 197 7.3 Solar Radiation 199 7.4 Weather 202 7.5 Air Masses and Fronts 212 7.6 High and Low Pressure Systems 214 7.7 Conclusion 217 7.8 Chapter in Review 217 8 Severe Weather 221 Bethany D. Hinga 8.1 Blizzard on the Plains 221 8.2 Severe Weather Events 225 8.3 Conclusion 251 8.4 Chapter in Review 252 9 Floods 255 Bethany D. Hinga 9.1 Introduction 255 9.2 Central China Flood 255 9.3 The Nature of Streams 258 9.4 Types of Floods 265 9.5 Flood Mitigation 274 9.6 Chapter in Review 278 10 Hurricanes 281 Bethany D. Hinga 10.1 Introduction 281 10.2 Hurricane Maria, 2017 281 10.3 Tropical Cyclones 287 10.4 Hurricane Hazards 295 10.5 Mitigation 304 10.6 Conclusion 304 10.7 Chapter in Review 305 11 Climate Change 307 Jillian Gregg and John Helms 11.1 Slushballs and Greenhouses: What the Geologic Record Says About Paleoclimate Compared to the Current Stable Climate That Has Supported Human Civilization Over the Past 10,000 Years 307 11.2 Climate Change Basics 310 11.3 Natural Hazards Caused Directly and Indirectly by Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change 334 11.4 Ocean Impacts 351 11.5 Mitigation of Hazards 356 11.6 Geoengineering 361 11.7 Adaptation 363 11.8 Chapter in Review 365 12 Wildland Fires 369 Bethany D. Hinga 12.1 Introduction 369 12.2 Fire Basics 372 12.3 Fire Behavior 375 12.4 Firefighting in Public Lands 382 12.5 Mitigation of Fire Hazards 386 12.6 Conclusion 387 12.7 Chapter in Review 387 Part III Other Hazards 13 Biological Hazards With COVID-19 Case Study 393 Anni Moore and Austin Nuxoll 13.1 Biological Disasters 393 13.2 Introduction to Microbes 397 13.3 Types of Microbes 398 13.4 Microbes and the Earth System 411 13.5 Factors That Put Populations at Risk 415 13.6 Diseases in the Food Supply 422 13.7 Mitigation of Hazards 423 13.8 Conclusion 428 13.9 Chapter in Review 429 14 Hazards From Space 433 Kelli Wakefield and Joel Berrier 14.1 Space Hazards 433 14.2 Introduction 434 14.3 A History of Catastrophe 434 14.4 Measuring Risk 445 14.5 What Can We Do? 456 14.6 Solar Events 459 14.7 Earth's Future 463 14.8 Chapter in Review 463 Bibliography 467 Index 483
Contributors xiii Preface xv Glossary xvii Acknowledgments xlv 1 Introduction to Natural Disasters 1 Bethany D. Hinga 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Earth System 4 1.3 Natural Disasters 7 1.3.1 Types of Disasters 7 1.4 Definitions 8 1.5 Disasters Are Predictable 9 1.6 The Human Factor 13 1.7 Increasing Risk 14 1.8 Calculated Risks 16 1.9 The Role of Government in Vulnerability and Preparing for Disasters 18 1.10 Disasters and Social Change 21 1.11 Community Response 21 1.12 Chapter in Review 25 Part I Geologic Events as Hazards 2 Plate Tectonics 31 Bethany D. Hinga 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Continental Drift 31 2.3 New Data: Magnetism 35 2.4 Seafloor Spreading 38 2.5 Plate Tectonics 38 2.6 Earth Structure 38 2.7 Plate Boundaries 40 2.8 Subduction Zones 45 2.9 Collision Zones 48 2.10 Transform Boundaries 49 2.11 Hotspots 51 2.12 Conclusion 54 2.13 Chapter in Review 54 3 Volcanoes 57 Bethany D. Hinga 3.1 A Lengthy Eruption With an Unexpected End 57 3.2 Magma Generation 64 3.3 Volcano Behavior 70 3.4 Types of Volcanoes 72 3.5 The Case of Mount St. Helens 83 3.6 Hazards of Composite Volcanoes 90 3.7 Mitigation 96 3.8 Chapter in Review 97 4 Earthquakes 101 Bethany D. Hinga 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 What Is an Earthquake? 107 4.3 Seismic Waves 111 4.4 How Do Earthquakes Work? 123 4.5 Earthquake Hazards 129 4.6 Prince William Sound Earthquake 138 4.7 Mitigation Strategies 139 4.8 Conclusion 142 4.9 Chapter in Review 142 5 Tsunamis 145 Bethany D. Hinga 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Unimak Island Earthquake and Tsunami, 1946 145 5.3 Wave Creation 149 5.4 Wave Characteristics 150 5.5 Wave Parameters 152 5.6 Case Studies 153 5.7 Landslide-Generated Tsunami 161 5.8 Mega-Tsunamis 161 5.9 Volcano-Generated Tsunamis 161 5.10 Mitigation of Tsunami Hazards 164 5.11 Conclusion 166 5.12 Chapter in Review 166 6 Earth Movements 169 Bethany D. Hinga 6.1 The Role of Gravity in Shaping the Earth 169 6.2 Venezuela, 1999 169 6.3 Types of Earth Movements 172 6.4 Mass-Wasting Triggers 188 6.5 Mitigation of Hazards 188 6.6 Conclusion 192 6.7 Chapter in Review 193 Part II Weather and Climate as Hazards 7 Atmosphere and Weather 197 Bethany D. Hinga 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 The Earth's Atmosphere 197 7.3 Solar Radiation 199 7.4 Weather 202 7.5 Air Masses and Fronts 212 7.6 High and Low Pressure Systems 214 7.7 Conclusion 217 7.8 Chapter in Review 217 8 Severe Weather 221 Bethany D. Hinga 8.1 Blizzard on the Plains 221 8.2 Severe Weather Events 225 8.3 Conclusion 251 8.4 Chapter in Review 252 9 Floods 255 Bethany D. Hinga 9.1 Introduction 255 9.2 Central China Flood 255 9.3 The Nature of Streams 258 9.4 Types of Floods 265 9.5 Flood Mitigation 274 9.6 Chapter in Review 278 10 Hurricanes 281 Bethany D. Hinga 10.1 Introduction 281 10.2 Hurricane Maria, 2017 281 10.3 Tropical Cyclones 287 10.4 Hurricane Hazards 295 10.5 Mitigation 304 10.6 Conclusion 304 10.7 Chapter in Review 305 11 Climate Change 307 Jillian Gregg and John Helms 11.1 Slushballs and Greenhouses: What the Geologic Record Says About Paleoclimate Compared to the Current Stable Climate That Has Supported Human Civilization Over the Past 10,000 Years 307 11.2 Climate Change Basics 310 11.3 Natural Hazards Caused Directly and Indirectly by Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change 334 11.4 Ocean Impacts 351 11.5 Mitigation of Hazards 356 11.6 Geoengineering 361 11.7 Adaptation 363 11.8 Chapter in Review 365 12 Wildland Fires 369 Bethany D. Hinga 12.1 Introduction 369 12.2 Fire Basics 372 12.3 Fire Behavior 375 12.4 Firefighting in Public Lands 382 12.5 Mitigation of Fire Hazards 386 12.6 Conclusion 387 12.7 Chapter in Review 387 Part III Other Hazards 13 Biological Hazards With COVID-19 Case Study 393 Anni Moore and Austin Nuxoll 13.1 Biological Disasters 393 13.2 Introduction to Microbes 397 13.3 Types of Microbes 398 13.4 Microbes and the Earth System 411 13.5 Factors That Put Populations at Risk 415 13.6 Diseases in the Food Supply 422 13.7 Mitigation of Hazards 423 13.8 Conclusion 428 13.9 Chapter in Review 429 14 Hazards From Space 433 Kelli Wakefield and Joel Berrier 14.1 Space Hazards 433 14.2 Introduction 434 14.3 A History of Catastrophe 434 14.4 Measuring Risk 445 14.5 What Can We Do? 456 14.6 Solar Events 459 14.7 Earth's Future 463 14.8 Chapter in Review 463 Bibliography 467 Index 483
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