East Coast fever (theileriosis) is a disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The term excludes diseases caused by other Theileria, such as tropical theileriosis (also known as Mediterranean theileriosis), caused by T. annulata, and human theileriosis, caused by T. microti. East Coast fever is among the most important livestock diseases in Africa, causing an annual loss of 1.1 million cattle and $168 million, as of 1992. It is found in Sudan, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda.[citation needed] The primary vector for T. parva is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.