Vasilis M Fthenakis, Paul A Lynn
Electricity from Sunlight
Photovoltaic-Systems Integration and Sustainability
Vasilis M Fthenakis, Paul A Lynn
Electricity from Sunlight
Photovoltaic-Systems Integration and Sustainability
- Gebundenes Buch
- Merkliste
- Auf die Merkliste
- Bewerten Bewerten
- Teilen
- Produkt teilen
- Produkterinnerung
- Produkterinnerung
Electricity from Sunlight, hochgelobt für seine ansprechende Gestaltung, seinen verständlichen Stil und seine klaren Erklärungen komplexer Sachverhalte ohne viel Mathematik, wurde gründlich überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Das Buch beschreibt die Fortschritte auf dem weltweiten Photovoltaik-Markt, bei der Wirtschaftlichkeit und Installationsbasis. Kernaspekte der 2. Auflage: - Aktuelles zu den Fortschritten der Photovoltaik, relevantes neues Material zu netzgekoppelten Systemen. - Noch detailliertere Erläuterung der wissenschaftlichen Prinzipien der Photovoltaik, von Solarzellen, Modulen und…mehr
Andere Kunden interessierten sich auch für
- Fouad SolimanAgriculture in Remote Areas Based on Solar Energy36,99 €
- Advanced Solutions in Power Systems180,99 €
- Photovoltaic Modeling Handbook217,99 €
- Virginie VialletInorganic Massive Batteries184,99 €
- Applications of Modern Heuristic Optimization Methods in Power and Energy Systems172,99 €
- Marc BoillotAdvanced Smartgrids for Distribution System Operators, Volume 1184,99 €
- Photoenergy and Thin Film Materials325,99 €
-
-
-
Electricity from Sunlight, hochgelobt für seine ansprechende Gestaltung, seinen verständlichen Stil und seine klaren Erklärungen komplexer Sachverhalte ohne viel Mathematik, wurde gründlich überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Das Buch beschreibt die Fortschritte auf dem weltweiten Photovoltaik-Markt, bei der Wirtschaftlichkeit und Installationsbasis. Kernaspekte der 2. Auflage: - Aktuelles zu den Fortschritten der Photovoltaik, relevantes neues Material zu netzgekoppelten Systemen. - Noch detailliertere Erläuterung der wissenschaftlichen Prinzipien der Photovoltaik, von Solarzellen, Modulen und Systemen. - Aktuelle Informationen aus dem Photovoltaik-Markt, inkl. Umwandlungseffizienz und Ausbau netzfreundlicher Kraftwerke. - Fragen am Ende der Kapitel unterstützen Dozenten und Studenten durch Anleitungen zum Selbststudium. - Neue Kapitel zu Fertigungsprozessen, Materialien und der Verfügbarkeit sonstiger Ressourcen. - Neuer Abschnitt zu Photovoltaik-Großanlagen mit Informationen zur Ausweitung der globalen Kapazität, zu Photovolatik-Großanlagen und erschwinglichen Lösungen zur Bewältigung fluktuierenden Einspeisung von Energie. - Systemanalyse neuer Anwendungen im Bereich günstiger Photovoltaik-Anlagen wie bei der Energiespeicherung und Wasserentsalzung. - Erheblich umfangreicher Abschnitt zu Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltaspekten mit Erläuterungen zu den Energiekosten im Vergleich zu den Investitionskosten, ROI und Lebenszyklusanalyse. Die 2. Auflage von Electricity from Sunlight: Photovoltaics Systems Integration and Sustainability ist eine Einführung in die Photovoltaik, richtet sich an Einsteiger, die die Grundlagen von kompletten Photovoltaiksystemen verstehen möchten, sowie an Studenten im Grund- und Hauptstudium in Kursen zu erneuerbarer Energie und Photovoltaik. Es behandelt in einzigartiger Weise die Nachhaltigkeit neuer umwälzender Technologien und ist sowohl für Systemanalysten als auch Strategen in der Energiepolitik gut geeignet.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley
- 2nd Revised edition
- Seitenzahl: 368
- Erscheinungstermin: 9. April 2018
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 251mm x 174mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 844g
- ISBN-13: 9781118963807
- ISBN-10: 1118963806
- Artikelnr.: 50108489
- Verlag: Wiley
- 2nd Revised edition
- Seitenzahl: 368
- Erscheinungstermin: 9. April 2018
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 251mm x 174mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 844g
- ISBN-13: 9781118963807
- ISBN-10: 1118963806
- Artikelnr.: 50108489
VASILIS M. FTHENAKIS is the founder and director of the Center for Life Cycle Analysis (CLCA), Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA. He is also a senior scientist emeritus at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) where he conducted research for 36 years and directed the National Photovoltaics (PV) Environmental Research Center and several international networks. Dr. Fthenakis is the coauthor and editor of four books and about 400 scientific publications on topics at the interface of energy life cycles and the environment. Currently, he is leading research on solar desalination, energy systems modeling, life-cycle analysis, chemical process safety, and PV recycling. Vasilis Fthenakis is the recipient of the William R. Cherry Award 2018. The Cherry Award recognizes an individual engineer or scientist who has made a significant contribution to the advancement of the science and technology of photovoltaic energy conversion, with dissemination by substantial publications and presentations. PAUL A. LYNN obtained his B.Sc.(Eng) and Ph.D. degrees from Imperial College London, UK. After several years in the electrical/electronics industry, he lectured at Imperial College and the University of Bristol. As a retired academic, Dr. Lynn's long-term interest in renewable energy has led to a trilogy of Wiley books (including this one), and three solar-powered boats. He is the author of ten other books and numerous technical papers and articles.
About the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Preface
to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgment to the First Edition xix
Acknowledgment to the Second Edition xxiii About the Companion Website xxv
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy and Sustainable Development 1 1.2 The Sun,
Earth, and Renewable Energy 2 1.3 The Solar Resource 6 1.4 The Magic of
Photovoltaics 11 1.5 A Piece of History 13 1.6 Coming Up to Date 17
Appendix 1.A Energy Units and Conversions 22 CO2 Emissions per Fuel Type 22
CO2 Emissions in Transportation 23 Self?]Assessment Questions 23 Problems
24 Answers to Questions 25 References 25 2 Solar Cells 27 2.1 Setting the
Scene 27 2.2 Crystalline Silicon 30 2.2.1 The Ideal Crystal 30 2.2.2 The
p-n Junction 32 2.2.3 Monocrystalline Silicon 35 2.2.3.1 Photons in Action
35 2.2.3.2 Generating Power 37 2.2.3.3 Sunlight, Silicon, and Quantum
Mechanics 41 2.2.3.4 Refining the Design 45 2.2.4 Multicrystalline Silicon
51 2.3 Second?]Generation Photovoltaics 52 2.3.1 Amorphous and Thin?]Film
Silicon 53 2.3.2 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 57 2.3.3 Cadmium
Telluride (CdTe) 60 2.4 Cell Efficiency and Module Cost 61 2.5
Third?]Generation Solar Cells 64 2.5.1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Multi?]Junctions 65 2.5.2 Dye?]Sensitized Cells 67 2.5.3 Organic Solar
Cells 69 2.5.4 Perovskites 72 Self?]Assessment Questions 73 Problems 75
Answers to Questions 76 References 77 3 PV Modules and Arrays 79 3.1
Introduction 79 3.2 Electrical Performance 82 3.2.1 Connecting Cells and
Modules 82 3.2.2 Module Parameters 85 3.3 Capturing Sunlight 88 3.3.1
Aligning the Array 92 3.3.2 Sunshine and Shadow 98 3.4 One?]Axis Tracking
101 3.5 Concentration and Two?]Axis Tracking 102 Appendix 3.A 107 3.A.1
Converting Global Horizontal Irradiation Data to Tilted and Sun?]Tracking
Surfaces 107 3.A.1.1 Solar Data Collection 108 3.A.1.2 Calculation of
Extraterrestrial Radiation 108 3.A.1.3 Determining the Diffuse and the
Direct Components of the Global Horizontal Irradiation 110 3.A.1.4 Using a
Model to Calculate the Energy Incident on the Inclined Surface per Time
Increment 111 3.A.1.5 Comparisons of Different Configurations 114
Self?]Assessment Questions 114 Problems 115 Answers to Questions 119
References 120 4 Grid?]Connected PV Systems 121 4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 From DC to AC 122 4.3 Completing the System 128 4.4
Building?]Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 130 4.4.1 Engineering and
Architecture 130 4.4.2 PV Outside, PV Inside 132 4.5 The Growth of Global
PV Markets 140 4.6 Current Status of the PV Industry 144 4.7 Large PV Power
Plants 145 4.7.1 Commercial and Industrial Installations 147 4.7.2
Utility?]Scale PV 147 4.8 PV Grid Connection and Integration 155 4.8.1 The
Electricity Grid 155 4.8.2 Grid?]Friendly PV Power Plants 157 4.9
Electricity Markets and Types of Power Generators 160 4.10 The Variability
Challenge and Solutions 164 4.10.1 Long?]Distance Transmission Lines 167
4.10.2 Grid Flexibility 168 4.11 Energy Storage 170 4.11.1 Power?]Quality
Storage Technologies 171 4.11.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
171 4.11.1.2 Electric Double?]Layer Capacitors 172 4.11.1.3 Flywheels 173
4.11.2 Bridging Power 173 4.11.2.1 Lead?]Acid Batteries 173 4.11.2.2
Lithium?]Ion Batteries 175 4.11.2.3 Flow Batteries 176 4.11.3. Energy
Management Storage Technologies 178 4.11.3.1 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
178 4.11.3.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 179 Self?]Assessment Questions
182 Problems 183 Answers to Questions 184 References 185 5 Stand?]Alone PV
Systems 187 5.1 Remote and Independent 187 5.2 System Components 189 5.2.1
Batteries 189 5.2.2 Charge Controllers 193 5.2.3 Inverters 198 5.3 Hybrid
Systems 202 5.4 System Sizing 204 5.4.1 Assessing the Problem 204 5.4.2 PV
Arrays and Battery Banks 207 5.5 Applications 211 5.5.1 PV in Space 212
5.5.2 Island Electricity 215 5.5.3 PV Water Pumping 219 5.5.4
Solar?]Enabled Water Desalination 223 5.5.5 Solar?]Powered Boats 225 5.5.6
Far and Wide 230 Self?]Assessment Questions 233 Problems 234 Answers to
Questions 235 References 235 6 Photovoltaic Manufacturing 237 6.1
Production of Crystalline Si Solar Cells 237 6.1.1 Production of
Metallurgical Silicon 237 6.1.2 Production of Polysilicon (Silicon
Purification) 238 6.1.3 Production of Crystalline Silicon 243 6.1.3.1
Single?]Crystal Silicon 244 6.1.3.2 Multicrystalline Silicon 245 6.1.4
Ingot Wafering 246 6.1.5 Doping/Forming the p-n Junction 248 6.1.6 Cleaning
Etch 249 6.1.7 Surface Texturing to Reduce Reflection 249 6.1.8
Antireflection Coatings and Fire?]Through Contacts 249 6.1.9 Edge Isolation
249 6.1.10 Rear Contact 249 6.1.11 Encapsulation 249 6.2 Opportunities and
Challenges in Si PV Manufacturing 250 6.3 Thin?]Film PV Manufacturing 253
6.3.1 CIGS Thin?]Film Manufacturing 254 6.3.1.1 Co?]evaporation 257 6.3.1.2
Metal Selenization/Sulfurization 257 6.3.1.3 Non?]Vacuum Particle or
Solution Processing 258 6.3.2 CdTe PV Manufacturing 258 Self?]Assessment
Questions 261 Problems 262 Answers to Questions 263 References 263 7 PV
Growth and Sustainability 265 7.1 Affordability 266 7.1.1 Costs and Markets
266 7.1.2 Financial Incentives 272 7.1.2.1 Capital Grants 272 7.1.2.2
Special Tariffs 274 7.1.2.3 Financing Options 275 7.1.2.4 Renewable
Portfolio Standards 276 7.1.2.5 Carbon Fees/Programs 276 7.1.3 Rural
Electrification 279 7.1.4 External Costs and Benefits 283 7.1.5 Policy
Recommendations for Further Growing Solar Energy 284 7.1.5.1 R&D Funding
284 7.1.5.2 Solar Financing Flexibility 284 7.2 Resource Availability 285
7.2.1 Raw Materials 285 7.2.2 Land Use 290 7.2.3 Water Use 293 7.3
Life?]Cycle Environmental Impacts 295 7.3.1 Life?]Cycle Analysis 295 7.3.2
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) in PV Manufacturing 306 7.3.3
Recycling Programs 311 7.4 The Growth of PV is Sustainable and Greatly
Needed 315 Self?]Assessment Questions 316 Problems 316 Answers to Questions
317 References 318 Index 321
to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgment to the First Edition xix
Acknowledgment to the Second Edition xxiii About the Companion Website xxv
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy and Sustainable Development 1 1.2 The Sun,
Earth, and Renewable Energy 2 1.3 The Solar Resource 6 1.4 The Magic of
Photovoltaics 11 1.5 A Piece of History 13 1.6 Coming Up to Date 17
Appendix 1.A Energy Units and Conversions 22 CO2 Emissions per Fuel Type 22
CO2 Emissions in Transportation 23 Self?]Assessment Questions 23 Problems
24 Answers to Questions 25 References 25 2 Solar Cells 27 2.1 Setting the
Scene 27 2.2 Crystalline Silicon 30 2.2.1 The Ideal Crystal 30 2.2.2 The
p-n Junction 32 2.2.3 Monocrystalline Silicon 35 2.2.3.1 Photons in Action
35 2.2.3.2 Generating Power 37 2.2.3.3 Sunlight, Silicon, and Quantum
Mechanics 41 2.2.3.4 Refining the Design 45 2.2.4 Multicrystalline Silicon
51 2.3 Second?]Generation Photovoltaics 52 2.3.1 Amorphous and Thin?]Film
Silicon 53 2.3.2 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 57 2.3.3 Cadmium
Telluride (CdTe) 60 2.4 Cell Efficiency and Module Cost 61 2.5
Third?]Generation Solar Cells 64 2.5.1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Multi?]Junctions 65 2.5.2 Dye?]Sensitized Cells 67 2.5.3 Organic Solar
Cells 69 2.5.4 Perovskites 72 Self?]Assessment Questions 73 Problems 75
Answers to Questions 76 References 77 3 PV Modules and Arrays 79 3.1
Introduction 79 3.2 Electrical Performance 82 3.2.1 Connecting Cells and
Modules 82 3.2.2 Module Parameters 85 3.3 Capturing Sunlight 88 3.3.1
Aligning the Array 92 3.3.2 Sunshine and Shadow 98 3.4 One?]Axis Tracking
101 3.5 Concentration and Two?]Axis Tracking 102 Appendix 3.A 107 3.A.1
Converting Global Horizontal Irradiation Data to Tilted and Sun?]Tracking
Surfaces 107 3.A.1.1 Solar Data Collection 108 3.A.1.2 Calculation of
Extraterrestrial Radiation 108 3.A.1.3 Determining the Diffuse and the
Direct Components of the Global Horizontal Irradiation 110 3.A.1.4 Using a
Model to Calculate the Energy Incident on the Inclined Surface per Time
Increment 111 3.A.1.5 Comparisons of Different Configurations 114
Self?]Assessment Questions 114 Problems 115 Answers to Questions 119
References 120 4 Grid?]Connected PV Systems 121 4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 From DC to AC 122 4.3 Completing the System 128 4.4
Building?]Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 130 4.4.1 Engineering and
Architecture 130 4.4.2 PV Outside, PV Inside 132 4.5 The Growth of Global
PV Markets 140 4.6 Current Status of the PV Industry 144 4.7 Large PV Power
Plants 145 4.7.1 Commercial and Industrial Installations 147 4.7.2
Utility?]Scale PV 147 4.8 PV Grid Connection and Integration 155 4.8.1 The
Electricity Grid 155 4.8.2 Grid?]Friendly PV Power Plants 157 4.9
Electricity Markets and Types of Power Generators 160 4.10 The Variability
Challenge and Solutions 164 4.10.1 Long?]Distance Transmission Lines 167
4.10.2 Grid Flexibility 168 4.11 Energy Storage 170 4.11.1 Power?]Quality
Storage Technologies 171 4.11.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
171 4.11.1.2 Electric Double?]Layer Capacitors 172 4.11.1.3 Flywheels 173
4.11.2 Bridging Power 173 4.11.2.1 Lead?]Acid Batteries 173 4.11.2.2
Lithium?]Ion Batteries 175 4.11.2.3 Flow Batteries 176 4.11.3. Energy
Management Storage Technologies 178 4.11.3.1 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
178 4.11.3.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 179 Self?]Assessment Questions
182 Problems 183 Answers to Questions 184 References 185 5 Stand?]Alone PV
Systems 187 5.1 Remote and Independent 187 5.2 System Components 189 5.2.1
Batteries 189 5.2.2 Charge Controllers 193 5.2.3 Inverters 198 5.3 Hybrid
Systems 202 5.4 System Sizing 204 5.4.1 Assessing the Problem 204 5.4.2 PV
Arrays and Battery Banks 207 5.5 Applications 211 5.5.1 PV in Space 212
5.5.2 Island Electricity 215 5.5.3 PV Water Pumping 219 5.5.4
Solar?]Enabled Water Desalination 223 5.5.5 Solar?]Powered Boats 225 5.5.6
Far and Wide 230 Self?]Assessment Questions 233 Problems 234 Answers to
Questions 235 References 235 6 Photovoltaic Manufacturing 237 6.1
Production of Crystalline Si Solar Cells 237 6.1.1 Production of
Metallurgical Silicon 237 6.1.2 Production of Polysilicon (Silicon
Purification) 238 6.1.3 Production of Crystalline Silicon 243 6.1.3.1
Single?]Crystal Silicon 244 6.1.3.2 Multicrystalline Silicon 245 6.1.4
Ingot Wafering 246 6.1.5 Doping/Forming the p-n Junction 248 6.1.6 Cleaning
Etch 249 6.1.7 Surface Texturing to Reduce Reflection 249 6.1.8
Antireflection Coatings and Fire?]Through Contacts 249 6.1.9 Edge Isolation
249 6.1.10 Rear Contact 249 6.1.11 Encapsulation 249 6.2 Opportunities and
Challenges in Si PV Manufacturing 250 6.3 Thin?]Film PV Manufacturing 253
6.3.1 CIGS Thin?]Film Manufacturing 254 6.3.1.1 Co?]evaporation 257 6.3.1.2
Metal Selenization/Sulfurization 257 6.3.1.3 Non?]Vacuum Particle or
Solution Processing 258 6.3.2 CdTe PV Manufacturing 258 Self?]Assessment
Questions 261 Problems 262 Answers to Questions 263 References 263 7 PV
Growth and Sustainability 265 7.1 Affordability 266 7.1.1 Costs and Markets
266 7.1.2 Financial Incentives 272 7.1.2.1 Capital Grants 272 7.1.2.2
Special Tariffs 274 7.1.2.3 Financing Options 275 7.1.2.4 Renewable
Portfolio Standards 276 7.1.2.5 Carbon Fees/Programs 276 7.1.3 Rural
Electrification 279 7.1.4 External Costs and Benefits 283 7.1.5 Policy
Recommendations for Further Growing Solar Energy 284 7.1.5.1 R&D Funding
284 7.1.5.2 Solar Financing Flexibility 284 7.2 Resource Availability 285
7.2.1 Raw Materials 285 7.2.2 Land Use 290 7.2.3 Water Use 293 7.3
Life?]Cycle Environmental Impacts 295 7.3.1 Life?]Cycle Analysis 295 7.3.2
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) in PV Manufacturing 306 7.3.3
Recycling Programs 311 7.4 The Growth of PV is Sustainable and Greatly
Needed 315 Self?]Assessment Questions 316 Problems 316 Answers to Questions
317 References 318 Index 321
About the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Preface
to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgment to the First Edition xix
Acknowledgment to the Second Edition xxiii About the Companion Website xxv
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy and Sustainable Development 1 1.2 The Sun,
Earth, and Renewable Energy 2 1.3 The Solar Resource 6 1.4 The Magic of
Photovoltaics 11 1.5 A Piece of History 13 1.6 Coming Up to Date 17
Appendix 1.A Energy Units and Conversions 22 CO2 Emissions per Fuel Type 22
CO2 Emissions in Transportation 23 Self?]Assessment Questions 23 Problems
24 Answers to Questions 25 References 25 2 Solar Cells 27 2.1 Setting the
Scene 27 2.2 Crystalline Silicon 30 2.2.1 The Ideal Crystal 30 2.2.2 The
p-n Junction 32 2.2.3 Monocrystalline Silicon 35 2.2.3.1 Photons in Action
35 2.2.3.2 Generating Power 37 2.2.3.3 Sunlight, Silicon, and Quantum
Mechanics 41 2.2.3.4 Refining the Design 45 2.2.4 Multicrystalline Silicon
51 2.3 Second?]Generation Photovoltaics 52 2.3.1 Amorphous and Thin?]Film
Silicon 53 2.3.2 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 57 2.3.3 Cadmium
Telluride (CdTe) 60 2.4 Cell Efficiency and Module Cost 61 2.5
Third?]Generation Solar Cells 64 2.5.1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Multi?]Junctions 65 2.5.2 Dye?]Sensitized Cells 67 2.5.3 Organic Solar
Cells 69 2.5.4 Perovskites 72 Self?]Assessment Questions 73 Problems 75
Answers to Questions 76 References 77 3 PV Modules and Arrays 79 3.1
Introduction 79 3.2 Electrical Performance 82 3.2.1 Connecting Cells and
Modules 82 3.2.2 Module Parameters 85 3.3 Capturing Sunlight 88 3.3.1
Aligning the Array 92 3.3.2 Sunshine and Shadow 98 3.4 One?]Axis Tracking
101 3.5 Concentration and Two?]Axis Tracking 102 Appendix 3.A 107 3.A.1
Converting Global Horizontal Irradiation Data to Tilted and Sun?]Tracking
Surfaces 107 3.A.1.1 Solar Data Collection 108 3.A.1.2 Calculation of
Extraterrestrial Radiation 108 3.A.1.3 Determining the Diffuse and the
Direct Components of the Global Horizontal Irradiation 110 3.A.1.4 Using a
Model to Calculate the Energy Incident on the Inclined Surface per Time
Increment 111 3.A.1.5 Comparisons of Different Configurations 114
Self?]Assessment Questions 114 Problems 115 Answers to Questions 119
References 120 4 Grid?]Connected PV Systems 121 4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 From DC to AC 122 4.3 Completing the System 128 4.4
Building?]Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 130 4.4.1 Engineering and
Architecture 130 4.4.2 PV Outside, PV Inside 132 4.5 The Growth of Global
PV Markets 140 4.6 Current Status of the PV Industry 144 4.7 Large PV Power
Plants 145 4.7.1 Commercial and Industrial Installations 147 4.7.2
Utility?]Scale PV 147 4.8 PV Grid Connection and Integration 155 4.8.1 The
Electricity Grid 155 4.8.2 Grid?]Friendly PV Power Plants 157 4.9
Electricity Markets and Types of Power Generators 160 4.10 The Variability
Challenge and Solutions 164 4.10.1 Long?]Distance Transmission Lines 167
4.10.2 Grid Flexibility 168 4.11 Energy Storage 170 4.11.1 Power?]Quality
Storage Technologies 171 4.11.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
171 4.11.1.2 Electric Double?]Layer Capacitors 172 4.11.1.3 Flywheels 173
4.11.2 Bridging Power 173 4.11.2.1 Lead?]Acid Batteries 173 4.11.2.2
Lithium?]Ion Batteries 175 4.11.2.3 Flow Batteries 176 4.11.3. Energy
Management Storage Technologies 178 4.11.3.1 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
178 4.11.3.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 179 Self?]Assessment Questions
182 Problems 183 Answers to Questions 184 References 185 5 Stand?]Alone PV
Systems 187 5.1 Remote and Independent 187 5.2 System Components 189 5.2.1
Batteries 189 5.2.2 Charge Controllers 193 5.2.3 Inverters 198 5.3 Hybrid
Systems 202 5.4 System Sizing 204 5.4.1 Assessing the Problem 204 5.4.2 PV
Arrays and Battery Banks 207 5.5 Applications 211 5.5.1 PV in Space 212
5.5.2 Island Electricity 215 5.5.3 PV Water Pumping 219 5.5.4
Solar?]Enabled Water Desalination 223 5.5.5 Solar?]Powered Boats 225 5.5.6
Far and Wide 230 Self?]Assessment Questions 233 Problems 234 Answers to
Questions 235 References 235 6 Photovoltaic Manufacturing 237 6.1
Production of Crystalline Si Solar Cells 237 6.1.1 Production of
Metallurgical Silicon 237 6.1.2 Production of Polysilicon (Silicon
Purification) 238 6.1.3 Production of Crystalline Silicon 243 6.1.3.1
Single?]Crystal Silicon 244 6.1.3.2 Multicrystalline Silicon 245 6.1.4
Ingot Wafering 246 6.1.5 Doping/Forming the p-n Junction 248 6.1.6 Cleaning
Etch 249 6.1.7 Surface Texturing to Reduce Reflection 249 6.1.8
Antireflection Coatings and Fire?]Through Contacts 249 6.1.9 Edge Isolation
249 6.1.10 Rear Contact 249 6.1.11 Encapsulation 249 6.2 Opportunities and
Challenges in Si PV Manufacturing 250 6.3 Thin?]Film PV Manufacturing 253
6.3.1 CIGS Thin?]Film Manufacturing 254 6.3.1.1 Co?]evaporation 257 6.3.1.2
Metal Selenization/Sulfurization 257 6.3.1.3 Non?]Vacuum Particle or
Solution Processing 258 6.3.2 CdTe PV Manufacturing 258 Self?]Assessment
Questions 261 Problems 262 Answers to Questions 263 References 263 7 PV
Growth and Sustainability 265 7.1 Affordability 266 7.1.1 Costs and Markets
266 7.1.2 Financial Incentives 272 7.1.2.1 Capital Grants 272 7.1.2.2
Special Tariffs 274 7.1.2.3 Financing Options 275 7.1.2.4 Renewable
Portfolio Standards 276 7.1.2.5 Carbon Fees/Programs 276 7.1.3 Rural
Electrification 279 7.1.4 External Costs and Benefits 283 7.1.5 Policy
Recommendations for Further Growing Solar Energy 284 7.1.5.1 R&D Funding
284 7.1.5.2 Solar Financing Flexibility 284 7.2 Resource Availability 285
7.2.1 Raw Materials 285 7.2.2 Land Use 290 7.2.3 Water Use 293 7.3
Life?]Cycle Environmental Impacts 295 7.3.1 Life?]Cycle Analysis 295 7.3.2
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) in PV Manufacturing 306 7.3.3
Recycling Programs 311 7.4 The Growth of PV is Sustainable and Greatly
Needed 315 Self?]Assessment Questions 316 Problems 316 Answers to Questions
317 References 318 Index 321
to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgment to the First Edition xix
Acknowledgment to the Second Edition xxiii About the Companion Website xxv
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy and Sustainable Development 1 1.2 The Sun,
Earth, and Renewable Energy 2 1.3 The Solar Resource 6 1.4 The Magic of
Photovoltaics 11 1.5 A Piece of History 13 1.6 Coming Up to Date 17
Appendix 1.A Energy Units and Conversions 22 CO2 Emissions per Fuel Type 22
CO2 Emissions in Transportation 23 Self?]Assessment Questions 23 Problems
24 Answers to Questions 25 References 25 2 Solar Cells 27 2.1 Setting the
Scene 27 2.2 Crystalline Silicon 30 2.2.1 The Ideal Crystal 30 2.2.2 The
p-n Junction 32 2.2.3 Monocrystalline Silicon 35 2.2.3.1 Photons in Action
35 2.2.3.2 Generating Power 37 2.2.3.3 Sunlight, Silicon, and Quantum
Mechanics 41 2.2.3.4 Refining the Design 45 2.2.4 Multicrystalline Silicon
51 2.3 Second?]Generation Photovoltaics 52 2.3.1 Amorphous and Thin?]Film
Silicon 53 2.3.2 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 57 2.3.3 Cadmium
Telluride (CdTe) 60 2.4 Cell Efficiency and Module Cost 61 2.5
Third?]Generation Solar Cells 64 2.5.1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Multi?]Junctions 65 2.5.2 Dye?]Sensitized Cells 67 2.5.3 Organic Solar
Cells 69 2.5.4 Perovskites 72 Self?]Assessment Questions 73 Problems 75
Answers to Questions 76 References 77 3 PV Modules and Arrays 79 3.1
Introduction 79 3.2 Electrical Performance 82 3.2.1 Connecting Cells and
Modules 82 3.2.2 Module Parameters 85 3.3 Capturing Sunlight 88 3.3.1
Aligning the Array 92 3.3.2 Sunshine and Shadow 98 3.4 One?]Axis Tracking
101 3.5 Concentration and Two?]Axis Tracking 102 Appendix 3.A 107 3.A.1
Converting Global Horizontal Irradiation Data to Tilted and Sun?]Tracking
Surfaces 107 3.A.1.1 Solar Data Collection 108 3.A.1.2 Calculation of
Extraterrestrial Radiation 108 3.A.1.3 Determining the Diffuse and the
Direct Components of the Global Horizontal Irradiation 110 3.A.1.4 Using a
Model to Calculate the Energy Incident on the Inclined Surface per Time
Increment 111 3.A.1.5 Comparisons of Different Configurations 114
Self?]Assessment Questions 114 Problems 115 Answers to Questions 119
References 120 4 Grid?]Connected PV Systems 121 4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 From DC to AC 122 4.3 Completing the System 128 4.4
Building?]Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 130 4.4.1 Engineering and
Architecture 130 4.4.2 PV Outside, PV Inside 132 4.5 The Growth of Global
PV Markets 140 4.6 Current Status of the PV Industry 144 4.7 Large PV Power
Plants 145 4.7.1 Commercial and Industrial Installations 147 4.7.2
Utility?]Scale PV 147 4.8 PV Grid Connection and Integration 155 4.8.1 The
Electricity Grid 155 4.8.2 Grid?]Friendly PV Power Plants 157 4.9
Electricity Markets and Types of Power Generators 160 4.10 The Variability
Challenge and Solutions 164 4.10.1 Long?]Distance Transmission Lines 167
4.10.2 Grid Flexibility 168 4.11 Energy Storage 170 4.11.1 Power?]Quality
Storage Technologies 171 4.11.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
171 4.11.1.2 Electric Double?]Layer Capacitors 172 4.11.1.3 Flywheels 173
4.11.2 Bridging Power 173 4.11.2.1 Lead?]Acid Batteries 173 4.11.2.2
Lithium?]Ion Batteries 175 4.11.2.3 Flow Batteries 176 4.11.3. Energy
Management Storage Technologies 178 4.11.3.1 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
178 4.11.3.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 179 Self?]Assessment Questions
182 Problems 183 Answers to Questions 184 References 185 5 Stand?]Alone PV
Systems 187 5.1 Remote and Independent 187 5.2 System Components 189 5.2.1
Batteries 189 5.2.2 Charge Controllers 193 5.2.3 Inverters 198 5.3 Hybrid
Systems 202 5.4 System Sizing 204 5.4.1 Assessing the Problem 204 5.4.2 PV
Arrays and Battery Banks 207 5.5 Applications 211 5.5.1 PV in Space 212
5.5.2 Island Electricity 215 5.5.3 PV Water Pumping 219 5.5.4
Solar?]Enabled Water Desalination 223 5.5.5 Solar?]Powered Boats 225 5.5.6
Far and Wide 230 Self?]Assessment Questions 233 Problems 234 Answers to
Questions 235 References 235 6 Photovoltaic Manufacturing 237 6.1
Production of Crystalline Si Solar Cells 237 6.1.1 Production of
Metallurgical Silicon 237 6.1.2 Production of Polysilicon (Silicon
Purification) 238 6.1.3 Production of Crystalline Silicon 243 6.1.3.1
Single?]Crystal Silicon 244 6.1.3.2 Multicrystalline Silicon 245 6.1.4
Ingot Wafering 246 6.1.5 Doping/Forming the p-n Junction 248 6.1.6 Cleaning
Etch 249 6.1.7 Surface Texturing to Reduce Reflection 249 6.1.8
Antireflection Coatings and Fire?]Through Contacts 249 6.1.9 Edge Isolation
249 6.1.10 Rear Contact 249 6.1.11 Encapsulation 249 6.2 Opportunities and
Challenges in Si PV Manufacturing 250 6.3 Thin?]Film PV Manufacturing 253
6.3.1 CIGS Thin?]Film Manufacturing 254 6.3.1.1 Co?]evaporation 257 6.3.1.2
Metal Selenization/Sulfurization 257 6.3.1.3 Non?]Vacuum Particle or
Solution Processing 258 6.3.2 CdTe PV Manufacturing 258 Self?]Assessment
Questions 261 Problems 262 Answers to Questions 263 References 263 7 PV
Growth and Sustainability 265 7.1 Affordability 266 7.1.1 Costs and Markets
266 7.1.2 Financial Incentives 272 7.1.2.1 Capital Grants 272 7.1.2.2
Special Tariffs 274 7.1.2.3 Financing Options 275 7.1.2.4 Renewable
Portfolio Standards 276 7.1.2.5 Carbon Fees/Programs 276 7.1.3 Rural
Electrification 279 7.1.4 External Costs and Benefits 283 7.1.5 Policy
Recommendations for Further Growing Solar Energy 284 7.1.5.1 R&D Funding
284 7.1.5.2 Solar Financing Flexibility 284 7.2 Resource Availability 285
7.2.1 Raw Materials 285 7.2.2 Land Use 290 7.2.3 Water Use 293 7.3
Life?]Cycle Environmental Impacts 295 7.3.1 Life?]Cycle Analysis 295 7.3.2
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) in PV Manufacturing 306 7.3.3
Recycling Programs 311 7.4 The Growth of PV is Sustainable and Greatly
Needed 315 Self?]Assessment Questions 316 Problems 316 Answers to Questions
317 References 318 Index 321