Michel Mardiguian

Electro Static Discharge

Understand, Simulate, and Fix Esd Problems

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Of all the electro magnetic susceptibility problems found during test and in the field, ESD is one of the toughest to overcome. With the growing consumer demand for reliability and availability, this timely book provides design engineers with a clear understanding of the ESD threat and offers a methodic, step-by-step attack to reduce its risk and test for immunity at all levels. Complete with case histories and their successful fixes, this is truly the most thorough and concise treatment of the broad ESD continuum available.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
• 3rd edition
• Seitenzahl: 320
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. September 2009
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 21mm
• Gewicht: 639g
• ISBN-13: 9780470397046
• ISBN-10: 0470397047
• Artikelnr.: 26488709

Autorenporträt

Michel Mardiguian is a private consultant in France, where he teaches EMI/RFI/ESD classes and consults on tasks from EMC design to firefighting. He has written or cowritten ten widely sold handbooks and has published twenty-eight conference papers and thirteen magazine articles.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface to the First Edition ix
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1. The Electrostatic Discharge Phenomenon 1
1.1. Physics Involved 1
1.2. Influencing Parameters 6
1.3. Various Types of Electrostatic Charging with Humans and Objects 9
1.4. Statistics of Voltages and Currents Reached During ESD 13
1.4.1. Personnel ESD Statistics 15
1.4.2. Furniture and Objects ESD Statistics 18
1.5. Waveforms of Electrostatic Discharges 23
1.5.1. Personal ESD Waveforms 23
1.5.2. Furniture ESD Waveforms 28
1.5.3. Summary: Comparison of Dynamic Parameters for Personnel and
Furniture ESD 30
1.5.4. Actual versus Idealized ESD Waveforms 31
References 37
2. Effects of ESD on Electronics 39
2.1. Direct Discharge to an Electronic Component 39
2.2. Direct Discharge to Electronic Equipment Enclosure 50
2.3. Indirect Discharge 53
2.4. Coupling Mechanisms of ESD Pulse into the Victim's Circuitry 54
2.4.1. Magnetic Field Coupling 55
2.4.2. Electric Field Coupling from Indirect ESD on Floating Parts 58
2.4.3. Measured E- and H-Field Values near an ESD to a Grounded Structure
60
2.4.4. Effect of Wave Impedance on Voltages Induced in Nearby PCBs and
Small Circuits 64
2.4.5. Effect of a Typical Metallic Cabinet on ESD-Radiated Effects 67
2.4.6. Common Impedance Coupling with an ESD 69
2.5. Response of Victim Circuits and Type of Errors 70
2.5.1. Influence of Circuit Impedances 72
2.5.2. Specific Disturbance Created by the Hand/Metal Initial Spike 74
2.5.3. Errors/Malfunctions Induced in Analog Devices 74
2.6. Prediction of Actual ESD-Induced Error, Fast Approximation Method 75
2.7. Remarks on the Actual Current Paths and Associated Radiation 78
2.8. Personnel or Furniture ESD: Which One is Worse? 78
References 79
3. Principal ESD Specifications 80
3.1. ESD Test Specifications for Device Sensitivity 82
3.1.1. MIL-Std 883 82
3.1.2. EIA/JEDEC and ESD Association Test Methods 83
3.2. ESD Specifications for Equipment Immunity 84
3.2.1. International Standard IEC 61000-4-2 84
3.2.2. ANSI C.63-16, ESD Test Methods, and Criteria for Electronic
Equipment 85
3.2.3. ESD Immunity for Automobile Electronics, SAE J1113-13 and ISO 10605
85
3.2.4. MIL-Std 1541, ESD Immunity Requirements for Space Systems 86
3.3. Antistatic Control Procedures 86
3.3.1. Military Domain: MIL-Std 1686 and MIL 263 Handbook 86
3.3.2. Industry Standards for Static Control Programs 87
References 88
4. ESD Diagnostics and Testing 89
4.1. ESD Simulators: How They Work 90
4.1.1. Arc or Direct Contact 92
4.1.2. Simulators for Equipment Test, Based on IEC 61000-4-2 Standard 95
4.1.3. Detailed Review of the IEC 61000-4-2 Simulator Definition 96
4.1.4. Generators with Different Networks, Very High Voltage and Field
Enhancement Accessories 105
4.1.5. Special Relays Required for ESD Simulators 108
4.2. Furniture Versus Personnel ESD Simulation 109
4.3. Other Types of ESD Simulators for Component Testing 112
4.4. ESD Test Setup-Direct and Indirect ESD 114
4.4.1. Ground Reference 115
4.4.2. Direct versus Indirect ESD 115
4.4.3. Roles of the HCP and VCP 118
4.4.4. Grounding the Simulator and the EUT 120
4.4.5. External Cables and System Configuration 120
4.5. ESD Test Routine and Discharge Procedures 121
4.5.1. Preparation of EUT for Test Readiness 121
4.5.2. Application of the Discharges 122
4.6. No Error/No Damage Concept: The Several Layers of Severity 125
4.7. The Error per Discharge Concept or Multiple-Trials Approach 129
4.7.1. Practical Application of the Error per Pulse Concept 134
4.7.2. ESD Test Plan with Cost-Effectiveness Constraints 135
4.8. ESD Test During Design and Development 137
4.9. ESD For Field Diagnostics and Forced Crash Method 140
4.10. Home-Made Investigation Tools and Diagnostic Hints 143
References 146
5. Design for ESD Immunity 148
5.1. ESD Protection at Component Level 150
5.1.1. Integrated Circuits with Internal ESD Protection 150
5.1.2. Additional ESD Protection: When Is It Needed and How Much? 153
5.2. ESD Protection at the PCB Level (Internal Circuitry) 157
5.2.1. Reducing the Field-to-PCB Coupling Mechanisms 158
5.2.2. PCB Connectors Areas 159
5.2.3. Signal Ground versus Chassis Ground 160
5.2.4. PCB Hardening with Plastic Products 160
5.3. ESD Protection by Internal Wiring and Mechanical Packaging 161
5.4. ESD Protection by Box Shielding and Envelope Design 169
5.4.1. Some Shielding Basics 170
5.4.2. How to Maintain Shield Integrity with Metal Housings 178
5.4.3. How to Make Shield Barriers for Plastic Housings 183
5.4.4. Treatment of Shield Openings 187
5.4.5. Nonmetallized Plastic Boxes 189
5.5. ESD Protection of External Cables and I/O Ports 191
5.5.1. External Cable Shielding 192
5.5.2. ESD Hardening of I/O Ports 200
5.5.3. I/O Cable Entries ESD Protection with Plastic Products 219
5.6. ESD Immunity by Software and Noise Inhibition Techniques 221
5.7. ESD Immunity with Miniature, Portable Devices 223
5.8. System ESD Immunity 225
5.9. ESD Control at Installation Level 226
References 228
6. ESD Cases Studies 230
6.1. Case 1: The Reradiating Ground Strap 231
6.2. Case 2: ESD Hardening of a Printer 232
6.3. Case 3: The Data Terminal with Floating Tray 233
6.4. Case 4: The Safety Wire "Antenna" 235
6.5. Case 5: The Touchy Watchdog 236
6.6. Case 6: The Trigger-Happy Air bag Initiator 236
6.7. Conclusion: Troubleshooting Hints 237
Appendix A. ESD Protection by Design of Chips and Microcircuits 240
Appendix B. Prediction of ESD Damage Level for a Semiconductor Junction 252
Appendix C. Spark-Over Voltages 255
Appendix D. Fatigue Phenomena During Repeated ESD Testing 258
Appendix E. Prediction of ESD-Induced Noise by Fast Frequency-Domain
Calculations 260
Appendix F. More Experiments on ESD Coupling to Boxes 269
Appendix G. Examples of Simple SPICE Modeling of ESD Coupling Effects 279
Appendix H. Time-to-Frequency Conversion for a Single Transient 293
Index 295